COSY_PAK V 0.9 MANUAL OF FUNCTIONS by C-K. Chen and N. Sreenath Systems Engineering Department Case School of Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106-7070 sree@mishna.cwru.edu Introduction All transfer functions used in COSY_PAK are scalar unless specified. Some COSY_PAK functions return graphic or boolean output. Most other functions return alpha-numeric output in the form of a list. The desired output should be extracted from the returned value if more than one variable is returned. An example is given below. Example : In[ 11] : pout ={{k,l},{m,n,j}}; In[12] : pout[[2]] Out[12] : {m,n,j} In[13] : pout[[2,1]] Out[13] : m Presently we support only single input single output systems (SISO). Future versions of COSY_PAK would incorporate multi-input multi-output systems (MIMO). The general algorithms for these functions can be found in any standard control engineering textbook such as Ogata [1991] (see README file). See README file for more information on COSY_PAK. The functions in this manual are listed according to the COSY_Notes notebook chapter. Symbol Definition gopts: Mathematica graphics options. s: Laplace variable. t: time variable Transf(s): Transfer function. y(t): Function of time. &&: AND operation, ||: OR operation. Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Systems Analysis ChekAnal[Transf, s, r, w,showder]: Checks the analyticity of the transfer function Transf(s) at the point s=r+jw using Cauchy-Reimann conditions. If `showder=1' (optional) then the derivatives in the computation are shown. DiracDelta[t]: a distribution that is 0 for t != 0 and satisfies Integrate[DiracDelta[t], {t, -Infinity, Infinity}] = 1. DiracDelta[t1, t2, ...] is a distribution that is 0 for t1 != 0 || t2 != 0 || ... and satisfies Integrate[DiracDelta[t1, t2, ...], {t1, -Infinity, Infinity}, {t2, -Infinity, Infinity}, ...] =1. (Mathematica's Function) DSolve[eqn, y[t], t]: solves a differential equation for the functions y[t], with independent variable t. DSolve[{eqn1, eqn2, ...}, {y1[t1, ...], ...}, {t1, ...}] solves a list of differential equations. (Mathematica's Function) InverseLaplaceTransform[expr, s, t, opts]: gives a function of t, the Laplace transform of which is expr, a function of s. (Mathematica's Function) LaplaceTransform[expr, t, s, opts]: gives a function of s, which is the Laplace transform of expr, a function of t. It is defined by LaplaceTransform[expr, t, s] =Integrate[Exp[-s t] expr, {t, 0, Infinity}]. (Mathematica's Function) PoleZeros[Transf, s]: Computes finite poles and zeros of the transfer function Transf . Returns {list of poles, list of zeros}. UnitStep[t]: a function that is 1 for t > 0 and 0 for t < 0. UnitStep[t1, t2, ...] is 1 for (t1 > 0) && (t2 > 0) && ... and 0 for (t1 < 0) || (t2 < 0) || ... . (Mathematica's Function) Chapter 2. Mathematical Modeling of Dynamic Systems Linearize[ f , zvars , zpoint , vvars , vpoint]: Gives the linearization of vector function f[zvars, vvars] = {f1[zvars, vvars], ... ,fn[zvars, vvars]} around the operating point zpoint and vpoint. The length of the state variables zvars = [x1,...,xn] must be equal to the length of the operating point zpoint = [x10,...,xn0] and the length of the control variables vvars = [v1,...,vr] must be equal to the length of the operating point vpoint = [v10,...,vr0]. Returns the linearized system matrices A and B as {A,B}. Ode2SS[lhscoeff, rhscoeff]: Converts linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) to state space eqn. The ODE is in the format: y(n) + a1 y(n-1) + ... + an-1 y(1) + an y = b0 u(n) + b1 u(n-1) + ... bn-1 u(1) + bn u where lhscoeff = [1, a1,...,an], rhscoeff = [b0,b1,...,bn]. If ai or bi don't exist, use ai=0 or bi=0. The output are Matrix A and Vector B in the state equation: dx/dt = A x + B u. Returns the state space matrices A and B as {A,B}. SS2Transf[A,B,C,s]: This function transforms the state space representation of system (A, B, C) to its transfer function representation. Returns the transfer function transf as a function of the Laplace variable `s'. Chapter 3. Transient Response Analysis Response[ transf, Input, s, {TimeVar, StartTime, EndTime}, gopts]: Plots the output of transfer function `transf' with Laplace input signal `Input'. The Laplace variable is `s'. The output graph uses the variable `TimeVar' and starts at `StartTime' and ends at `EndTime'. Returns the output variable as a function of time `t'. SecOrder[zeta, wn, t]: Gives the unit step response value at time instant t for a standard second order system wn2/(s2 + 2z wn s + wn2) with the damping ratio z=zeta and natural frequency wn =wn. Returns instantaneous value of the step response output variable at time instant `t'. Chapter 4. Steady-State Response Analysis Routh[Charpoly, s, z]: Gives the Routh's table for application of Routh's stability criterion. The parameter Charpoly is the characteristic polynomial with variable s. The parameter z define the symbol to replace the zero value of first column terms if any. The characteristic polynomial is the denominator of the transfer function. Returns Routh's table as an array. Chapter 5. Root-Locus Analysis RootLocus[Transf, s, {k,kmin,kmax}, gopts]: Plots the root-locus plot of the transfer function Transf(s) with the Parameter k varying from k=kmin to k=kmax. Returns graphics. Chapter 6. Frequency-Response Analysis MagPlot[Transf, s, {w,wmin,wmax}, gopts]: Plots the magnitude part of Bode plot of transfer function Transf(s) in decibel(dB), from frequency w=wmin to w=wmax, both > 0 and in radians per second. Returns graphics. MagvsPhase[Transf, s, {w,wmin,wmax}, gopts]: Plots the magnitude vs. phase plot of transfer function Transf(s) with s=jw. The frequency w varies from w=wmin to w=wmax both > 0 and in radians per second. Returns graphics. NyquistPlot[Transf, s, {w,wmin,wmax}, gopts]: Plots the Nyquist plot of the transfer function Transf(s). The plot is composed of three parts. The first part corresponds to s=jw with w=-wmin to w=-wmax. The second part corresponds to s=jw, w varying from w=+wmin to w=+wmax. Encirclement information of (-1+j0) is provided by the third part which corresponds to s with theta=-pi/2 to pi/2. wmin and wmax should be > 0 and radians per second. Returns graphics. PhasePlot[Transf, s, {w,wmin,wmax}, gopts]: Plots the phase part of Bode plot of transfer function Transf(s) in degree, from frequency w=wmin to w=wmax; w is in radian per second.Returns graphics. Polar[Transf, s, {w,wmin,wmax}, gopts]: Plots the polar plot of the transfer function Transf(s) with s=jw , w varying from w=wmin to w=wmax, both > 0 and in radians per second. Returns graphics. Chapter 7. State Space Analysis Methods Controllable[A, B]: Returns a logic (boolean) value representing the complete state controllability of system A, B. ExpAt[A]: Returns exponential matrix of square matrix A. Observable[A, C]: Returns a logic (boolean) value representing the complete state observability of system A, C. OutControllable[A, B, C, D]: Returns a logic (boolean) value representing the output controllability of system A, B, C, D. ObsPolePlace[A, C, newpoles]: Determines state observer gain matrix using Ackermann's formula. PolePlaceGain[A, B, newpoles]: Returns gain matirix K to place poles of system A - BK at locations specified by newpoles. Uses Ackermann's formula. SysResponse[A, B, C, x0, input, s, {t, tmin, tmax}, gopts]: Graphs system output y as a function of time for the system with matrices A, B, C, at initial state x0 from time tmin to tmax. Returns the time domain solutions for state x and output y. Miscellaneous Linear Algebra Functions Note : Some of the functions that we give here have equivalents in Mathematica 2.0 and higher. matrixpower[A, n]: Returns the matrix An, where n is a positive integer. This function is used by the COSY_PAK functions controllable, observable, placepolegain, and obspoleplace functions. rank[A]: Returns the rank of matrix A. The function rank returns the integer value corresponding to the number of linearly independent rows in the matrix A. The rank function is used by the functions observable, controllable, and outcont. sspace[a,b]: This function is equivalent to the other COSY_PAK function ODE2SS. The function sspace returns the single input, single output state space form of the ordinary differential equation such as y''' + a2 y'' + a3 y' + a4 y = b1 u' + b2 u with the coefficients of y and its derivatives given by the list a and the coefficients of u and its derivatives given by the list b. The list a must start with a 1 and the list b should be padded with leading zeroes to make it the same length as a. The A, B, C,and D matrices of the equations dx/dt = Ax + Bu y = Cy + Du are returned as the global variables AOUT, BOUT, COUT, and DOUT, representing a system with scalar input u and output y. tpose[A]: Returns the transpose of matrix A.