!, Factorial, 1.2.3, 12.4.2 !, Not, 12.3.5 !!, Factorial2, 12.4.2 !! (show file), 4.2.1, 4.3.1 !=, Unequal, 12.3.5 @@, Apply, 13.3.2 #, Slot, 14.1.5 ##, SlotSequence, 13.3.2, 14.1.5 %, %%, %%%, etc., Out, 1.2.2, 12.1.1, 15.1.3 ^, Power, 1.2.3 ^=, UpSet, 15.3.1 ^:=, UpSetDelayed, 15.3.1 &, Function, 14.1.5 &&, And, 12.3.5 * (string metacharacter), 1.4.3 *, Times, 1.2.3, 1.3 *^ (scientific notation), 11.1.1 ( ...) (grouping), 1.3 (* ...*) (comment), 14.3.3 _, Blank, 2.2.3, 14.1.1, 15.3.2 __, BlankSequence, 15.3.3 ___, BlankNullSequence, 15.3.3 _., Optional, 15.3.3 -, Minus, Subtract, 1.2.3 ->, Rule, 2.2.1, 12.1.2, 15.3.1 +, Plus, 1.2.3 ++, PreIncrement, 15.1.2 =, Set, 1.2.2, 12.1.1, 15.3.1 =!=, UnsameQ, 12.3.5 ==, Equal, 2.3.2, 12.3.5 ===, SameQ, 12.3.5 =., Unset, 1.2.2, 12.1.1 ` (context mark), 4.1.1 ` (specifies precision), 11.2.2 `` (specifies accuracy), 11.2.2 `` (used with strings), 6.6.1 { ...}, List, 1.3, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 [ ...] (function application), 1.3 [[ ...]], Part, 1.3, 2.2.2, 12.1.3, 13.2.1 |, Alternatives, 14.2.1, 15.3.3 ||, Or, 12.3.5 \n (new line character), 4.2.1, 12.3.6 \t (tab character), 12.3.6 <, Less, 12.3.5 <* ...*> (splicing), 4.3.2 <=, LessEqual, 12.3.5 <<, Get, 4.1.1, 4.3.1 <>, StringJoin, 12.3.6 >, Greater, 12.3.5 >=, GreaterEqual, 12.3.5 >>, Put, 4.3.1 >>>, PutAppend, 4.3.1 ., Dot, 2.3.2, 18.2.2 .., Repeated, 15.3.3 ..., RepeatedNull, 15.3.3 ;, CompoundExpression, 2.2.1, 4.4.2 " (string delimiters), 4.2.1, 12.3.6 ? (information escape), 1.4.3, 12.1.1 ?, PatternTest, 15.3.2 ?? (information escape), 1.4.3 ', Derivative, 16.1.1 /, Divide, 1.2.3 /@, Map, 2.2.2, 13.3.1 /., ReplaceAll, 2.2.1, 12.1.2, 15.3.4 /;, Condition, 14.1.2, 15.3.2 // (function application), 12.2.1 //., ReplaceRepeated, 12.1.2, 15.3.4 /:, TagSet, 15.3.1, 16.1.2 :, Pattern, 15.3.3 :=, SetDelayed, 2.2.3, 14.1.1, 15.3.1 :>, RuleDelayed, 15.3.1 ::, MessageName, 14.3.4 \[Element], Element, 12.2.1 Numbers 1D hyperbolic problems, 24.2.2, 24.3.1 1D inputs, 3.3.1 1D outputs, 3.3.1 1D parabolic problems, 24.2.1, 24.3.1 2-periodic points, 25.2.3 2D data, graphics for, ListPlot, etc., 9.1.1 2D elliptic problems, 24.2.5, 24.3.3 2D functions, graphics for, Plot, etc., 5.1.1 2D hyperbolic problems, 24.2.3, 24.2.4 2D inputs, 1.4.2, 3.3.3 2D outputs, 3.3.1 2D primitives, 5.4.1 3D data, graphics for, ListPlot3D, etc., 10.1.1 3D elliptic problems, 24.2.6 3D functions, graphics for, Plot3D, etc., 7.1.1 3D primitives, 7.2.4 3D ViewPoint Selector (menu command), 8.1.3 4-periodic points, 25.2.3 4D functions, graphics for, ContourPlot3D, etc., 7.4.1 8-periodic points, 25.2.3 A Abell and Braselton (1997), 23.0.2, 24.0.2 Abell, Braselton, and Rafter (1999), 27.0.2 Abs, 1.2.3, 5.3.4, 11.1.1, 12.3.4, 12.4.2 Abs package, 12.4.2, 16.1.1, 17.1.1 Absolute errors, 11.2.1 Absolute value, Abs, 1.2.3 AbsoluteDashing, 5.4.2, 5.4.4, 7.2.4 AbsoluteOptions, 6.1.1 AbsolutePointSize, 5.4.2, 5.4.3, 7.2.4 AbsoluteThickness, 5.4.2, 5.4.4, 7.2.4 AbsoluteTiming, 4.4.1 Accuracy, 11.2.1 AccuracyGoal, 4.4.1, 11.3.1, 17.2.2, 19.3.2, 20.1.1, 20.2.4, 22.1.4, 23.4.1, 24.3.2, 27.6.2 Adams, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 Adams method, 23.3.1, 23.4.1 Adaptive methods for differential equations, NDSolve, 23.4.1 for integrals, NIntegrate, 17.2.2 for interpolation, FunctionInterpolation, 21.4.2 for plots, Plot, 5.1.1 Add-ons, 4.1.3 Add/Remove Cell Tags (menu command), 3.1.4, 3.4.4 AI, 4.2.2 AiryAi, 12.4.3 AiryBi, 12.4.3 Algebra`Horner`, 12.3.1, 12.3.2 Algebraic numbers, domain of, Algebraics, 12.2.1 AlgebraicManipulation palette, 1.4.1 Algebraics, 12.2.1 Algebra`InequalitySolve`, 19.2.4 Algebra`ReIm`, 12.3.4 Algebra`RootIsolation`, 19.2.1 Align Selected Graphics (menu command), 5.1.3 Aligning tables with GridBox, 13.1.3 with PaddedForm, 13.1.2 with TableForm, 13.1.2 Alignment marker, 3.4.2, 13.1.3 All, 6.1.1 Allen (1990), 27.5.2 Alternatives (|), 14.2.1, 15.3.3 AmbientLight, 8.1.1, 8.1.7 Analysis of variance, 27.5.3 Analytic, 16.3.1 And (&&), 12.3.5 animal data, 9.3.1, 9.5.2 Animate\[Bullet], 5.1.3 Animate Selected Graphics (menu command), 5.1.3 Animated rotations, 7.3.1 Animating, examples of heat model, 24.2.1 rotating galaxy, 10.2.2 rotating satellite, 7.1.3 rotating surface, 7.3.1 wave model, 24.2.2, 24.2.3, 24.2.4 Animating graphics, 5.1.3 Animation package, 5.1.3, 7.3.1, 10.2.2 ANOVA package, 27.5.3 ANOVA\[Bullet], 27.5.3 Antiderivatives, Derivative, 17.1.1 Apart, 2.2.1, 12.3.1 Append, 4.4.1, 13.2.4 AppendColumns\[Bullet], 18.2.3, 27.2.2 AppendRows\[Bullet], 18.2.3, 27.2.2 AppendTo, 4.4.1, 13.2.4, 15.1.3 Applications Library, 0.2, 1.1.2 Apply (@@), 1.1.1, 7.2.2, 13.3.2, 15.2.1, 17.2.5, 18.1.1, 18.2.2, 20.3.3, 21.1.2, 25.2.4, 26.1.2, 27.1.1 ApproximateIntervals\[Bullet], 9.1.3 Approximation of data, 22.1.1 by linear least-squares, Fit, 2.3.3, 22.1.1 by linear least-squares with a logarithmic transform, Fit, 22.1.3 by nonlinear least-squares, FindFit, 22.1.4 by polynomial least-squares, PolynomialFit\[Bullet], 22.1.1 by trigonometric least-squares, TrigFit\[Bullet], 22.1.2 Approximation of functions, 22.2.1 by Chebyshev approximation, RationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 21.4.1, 22.2.1 by interpolation, FunctionInterpolation, 22.2.1 by linear least-squares, functionLSQ, 22.2.1 by minimax approximation, MiniMaxApproximation\[Bullet], 22.2.2 by Pad\[EAcute] approximation, Pade\[Bullet], 22.2.1 by Taylor polynomials, Series, 22.2.1 Approximations package, 21.4.1, 22.2.1, 22.2.2 Arbitrary-precision numbers, 4.4.1, 11.2.2 ArcCos, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 ArcCosh, 12.4.1 ArcCot, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 ArcCoth, 12.4.1 ArcCsc, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 ArcCsch, 12.4.1 Arcs, 5.4.5 ArcSec, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 ArcSech, 12.4.1 ArcSin, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 ArcSinh, 12.4.1 ArcTan, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 ArcTanh, 12.4.1 Arg, 11.1.1, 12.3.4 ArgColors package, 5.3.4 Argument of complex number, Arg, 11.1.1 Arguments conventions of, 1.3 default values for, 15.3.3 in compiled functions, 14.2.2 in functions, 14.1.1 in pure functions, 14.1.5 optional, 15.3.3 patterns for, 15.3.2 variable number of, 15.3.3 Arithmetic fixed-precision, 11.2.2 interval, 11.2.3 variable-precision, 11.2.2 Arranging graphics freely, Rectangle, 5.2.2 side by side, GraphicsArray, 5.2.2 superimposed, Show, 5.1.2 Array, 13.1.4, 18.1.1, 18.2.1, 20.3.3, 24.3.2, 24.3.3, 26.2.2 ArrayDepth, 13.1.1, 18.2.1 ArrayRules, 18.2.1 Arrow package, 5.4.2, 5.4.6, 6.1.3, 6.6.2, 23.3.2 Arrow\[Bullet], 5.4.2, 5.4.6, 6.1.3, 6.6.2, 7.2.3, 23.3.2 Asking values, 1.2.2, 12.1.1 AspectRatio in 2D graphics, 5.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.2.1, 9.1.2 in 3D graphics, 8.1.1, 8.1.2 in contour and density graphics, 7.1.2, 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.3 Assignments delayed, SetDelayed (:=), 15.3.1 immediate, Set (=), 1.2.2, 12.1.1, 15.3.1 Associate Legendre functions, 12.4.3 Association statistics, 27.1.2 AssociationMatrix\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Assuming, 12.2.1 Assumptions default, $Assumptions, 12.2.1 in FullSimplify, 12.2.1 in FunctionExpand, 12.2.2 in Integrate, 17.1.3 in LaplaceTransform, 17.4.1 in SeriesTerm\[Bullet], 16.2.2 in Simplify, 12.2.1 Assumptions, 16.2.2, 17.1.3 Asymptotic stability, 23.1.1 Attributes, 11.1.3, 14.2.3 AuthorTools package, 3.4.1 Autocorrelation, 27.1.1 Automatic, 6.1.1 Automatic numbering, 3.4.4 of formulas, 3.4.4 of referred pages, 3.4.4 of sections, 3.4.4 Axes in 2D graphics, 6.1.2, 6.5.1 in 3D graphics, 8.1.1, 8.1.4 in contour and density graphics, 8.2.1 Axes labels with AxesLabel, 6.3.2, 6.5.1 with FrameLabel, 6.5.3 AxesEdge, 8.1.1, 8.1.4 AxesFront\[Bullet], 5.3.3, 6.1.2, 6.5.1 AxesLabel, 6.1.2, 6.3.2, 6.5.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.4, 8.2.1 AxesOrigin, 6.1.2, 6.5.1, 8.2.1 AxesStyle, 6.1.2, 6.5.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.4, 8.2.1 B Background, 3.2.3, 6.1.2, 6.2.2, 6.3.1, 8.1.1, 8.2.1 Backsubstitution, 19.2.2 Backward difference methods, 23.4.1 Balancing paired characters, 1.4.3 Banking, 9.1.2 Bar charts, 9.3.1 for 2D data with labels, BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.1 for 2D data with positions, GeneralizedBarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.3 for 3D data, BarChart3D\[Bullet], 10.2.1 for frequencies, Histogram\[Bullet], 9.3.4 options for, 9.3.1 BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.1, 9.3.2, 27.2.1 options for, 9.3.1 BarChart3D\[Bullet], 10.2.1 BarEdges\[Bullet], 9.3.1 BarEdgeStyle\[Bullet], 9.3.1 BarGroupSpacing\[Bullet], 9.3.1 BarLabels\[Bullet], 9.3.1 barley data, 9.4.2, 10.2.1 BarOrientation\[Bullet], 9.3.1 BarSpacing\[Bullet], 9.3.1 BarStyle\[Bullet], 9.3.1 BarValues\[Bullet], 9.3.1 BasicCalculations palette, 1.4.1 BasicInput palette, 1.4.1 BasicTypesetting palette, 1.4.1, 3.4.2 BasisNames\[Bullet], 27.6.1 Bayesian statistics, 27.7.1 BDF, 23.4.1 Begin, 14.3.3 BeginPackage, 14.3.3 BernoulliB, 12.4.2 BernoulliDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Bessel functions, BesselJ, etc., 12.4.3 Bessel functions, BesselJ, etc., zeros of, BesselJZeros\[Bullet], etc., 19.3.3 BesselI, 12.4.3 BesselJ, 12.4.3 BesselJPrimeYJYPrimeZeros\[Bullet], 19.3.3 BesselJPrimeYPrimeJPrimeYPrimeZeros\[Bullet], 19.3.3 BesselJPrimeZeros\[Bullet], 19.3.3 BesselJYJYZeros\[Bullet], 19.3.3 BesselJZeros\[Bullet], 17.2.4, 19.3.3, 24.2.4 BesselJZerosInterval\[Bullet], 19.3.3 BesselK, 12.4.3 BesselY, 12.4.3 BesselYPrimeZeros\[Bullet], 19.3.3 BesselYZeros\[Bullet], 19.3.3 BesselZeros package, 17.2.4, 19.3.3, 24.2.4 Beta, 12.4.3 Beta function, Beta, 12.4.3 Beta function, Beta, incomplete, Beta, 12.4.3 BetaDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 Bezier\[Bullet], 5.4.4, 21.3.1 Bezier splines in graphics, Spline\[Bullet], 5.4.4 in interpolation, SplineFit\[Bullet], 21.3.2 Bhatti (2000), 20.0.2 Bias\[Bullet], 22.2.1, 22.2.2 bifurcation, 25.2.2 Bifurcation diagrams, 25.2.2, 25.3.1 Biharmonic\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Bilaterally formatted cells, 3.4.1 BinaryFiles package, 4.2.1 BinCounts\[Bullet], 27.2.1 BinLists\[Bullet], 27.2.1 Binomial, 1.2.3, 12.4.2 Binomial coefficient, Binomial, 12.4.2 BinomialDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.2, 26.1.3 normal approximation to, 26.1.5 Birth-death process, 24.1.1, 26.2.3 Bisection method, 19.3.2 Bitmap, 4.4.2, 5.1.3 Bivariate normal distribution, 26.1.6 Blank (_), 14.1.1, 15.3.2 BlankNullSequence (___), 15.3.3 BlankSequence (__), 15.3.3 Block, 5.2.1, 14.1.5 BlockMatrix\[Bullet], 13.1.3, 18.2.3, 20.2.1, 26.1.5, 26.2.2, 27.2.2 BMP, 4.2.2 BoltzmannExponent, 20.2.4 Bonferroni\[Bullet], 27.5.3 Boole\[Bullet], 17.1.4 Booleans, 12.2.1 BooleanSelect\[Bullet], 27.2.2 Borrelli and Coleman (1998), 23.1.3, 23.3.2, 23.3.3 Boundary value problems for partial differential equations, 24.0.2 numerical solution by NDSolve, 23.3.1 numerical solution by other methods, 23.4.3 symbolic solution by DSolve, 23.1.2 BoundaryStyle\[Bullet], 5.3.3 Box\[Bullet], 9.2.2 Box structure of expressions, 3.2.1 Box-and-whisker plots, 9.4.3 Boxed, 8.1.1, 8.1.4 BoxExtraSpacing\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxFrame, 3.2.3 BoxLabels\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxLineStyle\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxMargins, 3.2.3 BoxMedianStyle\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxOrientation\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxOutliers\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxOutlierShapes\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxQuantile\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxRatios, 7.1.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.4 BoxStyle, 8.1.1, 8.1.4 BoxStyle\[Bullet], 9.4.3 BoxWhiskerPlot\[Bullet], 9.4.3 Brackets, 1.3 Brake\[Bullet], 22.2.2 Branch, If, Switch, Which, 15.1.2 Branch-cut discontinuities, 12.4.1 Break, 15.1.2, 15.1.3, 19.3.4, 26.2.3 Brent's method, 19.3.2 Brownian motion, 26.2.1 brownianMotion, 26.2.1 Browser Categories file, automatic generation of, 3.4.1 Browser Index file, automatic generation of, 3.4.1 Bugs, 17.1.1, 17.3.1 Built-in functions arguments of, 1.3 attributes of, 14.2.3 context of, 14.3.1 getting help with, 1.4.1 mathematical, 12.4.1 names of, 1.3 timing of, Timing, 4.4.1 tracing of, Trace, 14.2.1 Bulmer and Carter (1996), 20.0.2 Burghes and Borrie (1981), 9.1.2 Butcher package, 23.4.2 Buttons, 3.1.4 ByteCount, 4.4.2 C C, 23.1.1 C language, 4.3.2 CalculationCenter, 0.2 Calculus of variations, 20.3.4 Calculus`DSolveIntegrals`, 24.1.1 Calculus`FourierTransform`, 17.4.2 Calculus`Integration`, 14.1.2, 17.1.3, 17.1.4, 17.2.1 Calculus`Limit`, 15.2.2, 16.3.1 Calculus`Pade`, 22.2.1 Calculus`VariationalMethods`, 20.3.4 Calculus`VectorAnalysis`, 16.1.3 Cancel, 12.3.1 Cartesian\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Cases, 13.2.5, 15.3.5 Catalan, 11.1.3 CatalanNumber\[Bullet], 12.4.2 Catch, 15.1.2 CategoryCounts\[Bullet], 27.2.1 CategoryLists\[Bullet], 27.2.1 Cauchy principal value, 17.1.3 CauchyDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 CauchyPrincipalValue package, 17.1.3, 17.2.3 Cauchy's integral formula, 16.1.4 CDF\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Ceiling, 11.1.1 Cell Size Statistics (menu command), 4.4.2 Cell styles, 3.1.2 creating new, 3.2.4 editing, 3.2.4 Cell tags, 3.4.4 CellDingbat, 3.2.3 CellFrame, 3.2.3 CellFrameColor, 3.2.3 CellFrameLabelMargins, 3.2.3 CellFrameLabels, 3.2.3 CellFrameMargins, 3.2.3 CellMargins, 3.2.3 Cells, 1.5 background of, Background, 3.2.3 brackets for, 1.5 dingbats of, CellDingbat, 3.2.3 frames of, CellFrame, 3.2.3 initialization, 14.3.3 magnification of, Magnification, 3.2.3 margins of, CellMargins, 3.2.3 tags of, 3.4.4 Cellular automata, 25.3.3, 26.1.1 CellularAutomaton, 25.3.3 CentralMoment\[Bullet], 27.1.1, 27.1.2 CForm, 4.3.2 CGS\[Bullet], 11.1.3 Chaos and difference equations, 25.1.4, 25.2.1, 25.2.2, 25.2.4 and differential equations, 23.3.3 Characteristic polynomial, 2.2.3 CharacteristicFunction\[Bullet], 26.1.2 CharacteristicPolynomial, 18.2.2 CharacterRange, 12.3.6 Characters, 12.3.6 automatic replacements of, 3.2.3 new line (\n), 12.3.6, 4.2.1 spanning, 3.4.2 special, 3.3.2 tab (\t), 12.3.6 Characters, 12.3.6 charPoly, 2.2.3 Chebyshev approximation, RationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 21.4.1, 22.2.1 Chebyshev polynomials, ChebyshevT, ChebyshevU, 12.4.2, 25.1.1 in Chebyshev approximation, 21.4.1 ChebyshevT, 12.4.2 ChebyshevU, 12.4.2 Check Balance (menu command), 1.4.3 Check Spelling (menu command), 1.5, 3.1.1 Chemical elements, 11.1.3 ChemicalElements package, 11.1.3 Cheng, Sidauruk, and Abousleiman (1994), 17.4.1 ChiDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 ChiSquareCI\[Bullet], 27.4.2 ChiSquareDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 ChiSquarePValue\[Bullet], 27.5.2 CholeskyDecomposition, 18.2.4 Chop, 11.1.1, 11.2.3, 20.3.3 Circle, 5.4.2, 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 9.1.2 Classical optimization, 20.3.1 with equality and inequality constraints, kktOptimize, 20.3.3 with equality constraints, 20.3.2 without constraints, 20.3.1 Clear, 12.1.1 ClearAttributes, 14.2.3 Cleveland (1993), 9.1.2, 9.3.1, 9.4.2, 9.5.1, 9.5.3, 10.2.2, 27.6.3 Cleveland (1994), 27.6.3 ClipFill, 8.1.1, 8.1.2 Clipping in 2D graphics, 5.1.1, 6.2.1 in 3D graphics, 8.1.2 in contour and density graphics, 8.2.2 Close, 4.2.1 CMYColor\[Bullet], 5.4.7 CMYKColor, 5.4.2, 5.4.7, 7.2.4 cobwebPlot, 15.2.3, 25.1.3, 25.2.1 Coefficient, 12.3.2 Coefficient of determination, 27.6.1 CoefficientList, 12.3.2 CoefficientOfVariation\[Bullet], 27.1.1 coinTossing, 15.2.4 Collect, 12.3.2 Color background, Background, 6.2.2 default, DefaultColor, 6.2.2 in 2D graphics, 6.2.2 in 3D graphics, 8.1.7 in bar charts for 3D data, 10.2.1 in contour and density graphics, 8.2.2, 8.2.3 in plots for 3D data, 10.1.1 in text, 6.3.1 specification of, 5.4.7 type of output, ColorOutput, 6.2.2 Color Selector (menu command), 5.4.7 Color specifications interactive, 5.4.7 with CMYKColor, 5.4.7 with GrayLevel, 5.4.7 with Hue, 5.4.7 with RGBColor, 5.4.7 ColorFunction, 7.2.3, 8.1.1, 8.1.7, 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 10.1.1 ColorFunctionScaling, 8.1.1, 8.1.7, 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.3 ColorOutput, 6.1.2, 6.2.2, 8.1.1, 8.2.1 Colors package, 5.4.7 Column\[Bullet], 27.2.2 ColumnAlignments, 13.1.3 ColumnDrop\[Bullet], 27.2.2 ColumnForm, 13.1.2 ColumnJoin\[Bullet], 27.2.2 ColumnLines, 13.1.3 ColumnsEqual, 13.1.3 ColumnSpacings, 13.1.3 ColumnTake\[Bullet], 27.2.2 ColumnWidths, 13.1.3 Combinatorial functions, 12.4.2 CombinatorialFunctions package, 12.4.2 Combinatorica package, 12.4.2, 13.2.2, 15.2.4, 20.0.2, 26.1.1 Combinatorics, 0.2 Comments, 14.3.3 CompensatedSummation, 18.2.2 Competing species, 23.3.2 Compilation of expressions in built-in commands, Compiled, 11.3.2 of user-defined functions, Compile, 14.2.2, 25.2.2, 25.2.4, 25.3.3, 26.1.3, 26.1.5, 27.6.3 Compile, 14.2.2, 25.2.2, 25.2.4, 25.3.3, 26.1.3, 26.1.5, 27.6.3 Compiled, 6.1.2, 6.4.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.6, 8.2.1, 11.2.3, 11.3.2, 15.1.1, 17.2.2, 17.3.2, 19.3.2, 20.1.1, 23.4.1, 24.3.2, 27.6.2 CompiledFunction, 14.2.2 CompileEvaluate\[Bullet], 14.2.2 Complement, 6.1.1, 12.3.6, 13.2.7 Complementary error function, Erfc, 12.4.3 Complementary slackness condition, 20.3.3 Complete Selection (menu command), 1.4.3 CompleteCharacters palette, 1.4.1 CompleteIntegral\[Bullet], 24.1.1 Complex conjugate, Conjugate, 11.1.1 exponentials, 12.3.3 integers, GaussianIntegers, 11.1.1 numbers, 11.1.1 numbers, domain of, Complexes, 12.2.1 powers, 5.3.4 random numbers, 26.1.1 Complex expressions, 11.1.1, 12.3.4 expanding of, ComplexExpand, 11.1.1, 12.3.4 plotting of, 5.3.4 residues of, Residue, 16.2.1 Complexes, 12.2.1 ComplexExpand, 11.1.1, 12.3.4, 19.2.1 ComplexInequalityPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.4 ComplexInfinity, 11.1.3 ComplexityFunction, 12.2.1 ComplexMap package, 5.3.4 ComposeList, 15.2.2 ComposeSeries, 16.2.1 Composite Bezier splines with Spline\[Bullet], 5.4.4 with SplineFit\[Bullet], 21.3.2 Composite functions, 14.1.2 CompositeBezier\[Bullet], 5.4.4, 21.3.1 Composition, 14.1.2 CompoundExpression (;), 2.2.1 ComputationalGeometry package, 10.1.2, 21.2.2 ComputerArithmetic package, 11.2.3 Condition (/;), 14.1.2, 15.3.2 Condition number of matrices, 18.2.2, 18.2.4 Cone\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Confidence intervals, 27.4.1, 27.4.2 for normal distribution, 26.1.5 ConfidenceIntervals package, 27.4.1 ConfidenceLevel\[Bullet], 27.4.1, 27.6.1, 27.6.2 Confluent hypergeometric function, 12.4.3 Conjugate, 11.1.1, 12.3.4 ConjugateGradient, 20.1.1, 22.1.4 Constant, 11.1.3 Constants local, 14.1.5 mathematical, 11.1.3 physical, 11.1.3 Constants, 16.1.2 Constrained optimization classical, kktOptimize, 20.3.3 integer, NMinimize, 20.2.3 linear, Minimize, 20.2.1 nonlinear, NMinimize, 20.2.3 polynomial, Minimize, 20.2.2 ConstrainedMax, 20.2.1 ConstrainedMin, 20.2.1 Context, 14.3.1 Contexts, 14.3.1 Default3D`, 7.3.1 Experimental`, 14.2.2, 20.2.2 Global`, 12.1.1, 14.3.1 in packages, 4.1.1, 14.3.3 RealTime3D`, 7.3.1, 10.2.2 System`, 14.3.1 Continue, 15.1.2 Continued fractions, 11.1.1, 15.2.2 ContinuedFraction, 11.1.1 Continuing calculations, 4.3.1 Continuous probability distributions multivariate, 26.1.6 univariate, 26.1.4 Continuous-time Markov chains, 26.2.3 ContinuousDistributions package, 26.1.4 Contour plots for 3D data (regular), ListContourPlot, 10.1.1 for 3D functions, ContourPlot, 7.1.1 for 4D functions, ContourPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.4.2 ContourGraphics, 7.1.1 ContourLines, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 ContourPlot, 2.1.2, 5.3.2, 7.1.1, 8.2.1, 19.3.2 options for, 8.2.1 ContourPlot3D package, 7.4.2, 24.2.6 ContourPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.4.2, 24.2.6 Contours, 7.1.2, 7.4.2, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 ContourShading, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 ContourStyle, 7.4.2, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 ContractRatio, 20.2.4 Control keys, 3.3.3 Conversion between Mathematica graphics and other forms of graphics, Export, Import, 4.2.2 between types of 3D graphics, SurfaceGraphics, etc., 7.1.1 between units, Convert\[Bullet], 11.1.3 from equations to rules, ToRules, 17.1.2 from exponential to trigonometric functions, ExpToTrig, 12.3.3 from expressions to strings, ToString, 26.1.2 from strings to characters, Characters, 12.3.6 from strings to expressions, ToExpression, 12.1.1 from trigonometric to exponential functions, TrigToExp, 12.3.3 Convert\[Bullet], 11.1.3 ConvertTemperature\[Bullet], 11.1.3 ConvexHullArea\[Bullet], 27.1.2 ConvexHullMedian\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Convolutions, 25.1.4, 27.3.1 Coordinate transformations, 16.1.3 CoordinateRanges\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Coordinates in graphics, 5.4.6 in legends, 6.6.3 in plot region, 6.2.1 in text primitives, 5.4.6 in vector analysis, 16.1.3 in viewpoint selection, 8.1.3 CoordinatesToCartesian\[Bullet], 16.1.3 CoordinateSystem\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Copy Input from Above (menu command), 1.5 Copy Output from Above (menu command), 1.5 Correlation\[Bullet], 27.1.2 CorrelationMatrix\[Bullet], 26.1.6, 27.1.2 Cos, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 Cosh, 12.4.1 CosIntegral, 12.4.3 Cot, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 Coth, 12.4.1 Count, 13.2.5, 15.3.5 CounterBox, 3.1.1 CounterFunction, 3.1.1 Covariance\[Bullet], 27.1.2 CovarianceMatrix\[Bullet], 27.1.2 CovarianceMatrix\[Bullet], 26.1.6 CovarianceMatrixMLE\[Bullet], 27.1.2 CovarianceMatrixOfSampelMean\[Bullet], 27.1.2 CovarianceMLE\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Cox and Miller (1965), 26.2.1 Create Automatic Numbering Object (menu command), 3.4.4 Create Button (menu command), 3.1.4 Create Hyperlink (menu command), 3.1.4 Create Table/Matrix/Palette (menu command), 3.1.3, 3.3.3, 13.1.3 Critical points, 16.1.1, 20.3.1 Cropping of plots, 5.1.3 Cross, 18.1.1 Cross product, Cross (\[Cross]), 18.1.1 CrossProbability, 20.2.4 CrossProduct\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Csc, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 Csch, 12.4.1 CSV, 4.2.1 ctMarkovChain, 26.2.3 Cube\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Cubic piecewise-interpolating functions, ListInterpolation, 21.2.1 splines in graphics, Spline\[Bullet], 5.4.4 splines in interpolation, SplineFit\[Bullet], 21.3.1 Cubic\[Bullet], 5.4.4, 21.3.1 Cubics, 19.2.2, 19.2.3 Cuboid, 7.2.4, 10.2.2 Cumulative distribution functions, CDF\[Bullet], 26.1.2 frequencies, 27.2.1 sums, Fold, CumulativeSums\[Bullet], 15.2.4, 27.2.1 CumulativeSums\[Bullet], 15.2.4, 27.2.1 Curl\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Curly braces, 1.3 Curves\[Bullet], 5.3.3 Cycles, 25.2.3, 25.3.1 Cylinder\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Cylindrical\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Cylindrical algebraic decompositions, 20.0.2 CylindricalAlgebraicDecomposition, 17.1.4 CylindricalPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.2.1 D D, 2.3.1, 16.1.1 DampingFactor, 19.3.2 Dashing, 5.4.2, 5.4.4, 7.2.4 Data approximation of, Fit, etc., 22.1.1 Bayesian statistics of, 27.7.1 derivatives of, 16.1.4 descriptive statistics of, 2.2.2, 27.1.1 exporting, Export, 4.2.1 Fourier transform of, Fourier, 17.4.3 frequencies of, Frequencies\[Bullet], 27.2.1 hypothesis testing with, 27.5.1 importing, Import, 4.2.1 integrals of, 17.2.6 interpolation of, InterpolatingPolynomial, etc., 21.1.1 manipulations of, 27.2.2 plotting 2D, ListPlot, etc., 9.1.1 plotting 3D, ListPlot3D, etc., 10.1.1 regression with, Regress\[Bullet], 27.6.1 smoothing of, 27.3.1 Data sets animal, 9.3.1, 9.5.2 barley, 9.4.2, 9.4.3, 10.2.1 environmental, 9.5.1, 27.6.3 galaxy, 10.2.2 hare, 9.1.2, 9.1.3, 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 23.4.4 lynx, 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 23.4.4 modAnimal, 9.3.1, 9.5.2 modBarley, 9.4.2, 9.4.3, 10.2.1 precipitation, 26.2.2 visdata, 9.3.1 yeast, 22.1.4, 23.4.4, 25.3.2 DataLabels\[Bullet], 9.5.1 dataLSQ, 22.1.3 DataManipulation package, 9.3.4, 27.2.1 dataPlot, 9.1.2 DataRanges\[Bullet], 9.5.1 DataSmoothing package, 27.3.2 DataSpacing\[Bullet], 9.5.1 DataTicks\[Bullet], 9.5.1 Date, 4.4.1 Dawidon-Fletcher-Powell method, 20.1.3 Decimal numbers, 1.2.2, 2.2.1, 11.1.2 Decompose, 12.3.2, 19.2.1 Decompositions of matrices, 18.2.4 Default Inline FormatType (menu command), 3.4.3 Default Input FormatType (menu command), 3.3.1 Default Output FormatType (menu command), 3.3.1 Default values in patterns, 15.3.3 Default3D` context, 7.3.1 DefaultColor, 6.1.2, 6.2.2, 8.1.1, 8.2.1 Definite integration by advanced numerical methods, NIntegrate, 17.2.1 by advanced symbolic methods, Integrate, 2.3.1, 17.1.3 by change of variable, 17.1.3 Degree, 11.1.3 Delaunay triangulations, 5.3.5, 10.1.2 Delay-differential equations, 23.3.1 Delayed definitions, SetDelayed (:=), 15.3.1 rules, RuleDelayed (:>), 15.3.1 Delete, 13.2.4 Delete All Output (menu command), 4.4.2 DeleteCases, 13.2.5, 15.3.5 Delta function, DiracDelta, 12.4.2 Dennemeyer (1968), 24.2.1, 24.2.2, 24.2.3, 24.2.4, 24.2.5, 24.2.6 Denominator, 12.3.1 Density function posterior, 27.7.1 prior, 27.7.1 Density function, PDF\[Bullet], 26.1.2 DensityGraphics, 7.1.1 DensityPlot, 7.1.1 options for, 8.2.1 der, 15.3.2 derData1a, 16.1.4 derData1b, 16.1.4 derData2, 16.1.4 Derivative ('), 16.1.1 Derivatives, 16.1.1 numerical, ND\[Bullet], 16.1.4 of data, 16.1.4 of implicit functions, 16.1.2 partial, D, 1.2.3, 2.3.1, 16.1.1 total, Dt, 16.1.2 Derivatives\[Bullet], 22.2.2 Descriptive statistics, 2.2.2, 27.1.1 DescriptiveStatistics package, 27.1.1 DesignedRegress\[Bullet], 27.6.1 DesignMatrix\[Bullet], 27.6.1 Det, 18.2.2 Determinants, Det, 2.3.2, 18.2.2 dfpMinimize, 20.1.3 DiagonalMatrix, 18.2.1 Diamond\[Bullet], 9.2.2 Dickau (1997), 25.2.2 Difference equations, 25.1.1 bifurcation diagrams for, 25.2.2, 25.3.1 cobwebs for, 25.1.3, 25.2.1 direction fields for, 25.1.1, 25.1.2 equilibrium points of, 25.2.3, 25.3.1 estimation of, 25.3.2 fractals from, 25.3.3 linear, RSolve, 25.1.1 logistic, 25.1.4, 25.2.1 Lyapunov exponents for, 25.2.4 of convolution type, 25.1.4 of Riccati type, 25.1.4 periodic points of, 25.2.3 phase trajectories for, 25.1.2, 25.3.1 predator-prey, 25.3.1 return plots for, 25.3.2 solvable nonlinear, RSolve, 25.1.4 solving by generating functions, 25.1.3 solving by Z transform, 25.1.3 Differential calculus, 2.3.1, 16.1.1 Differential equations, 2.3.4, 23.1.1 boundary value problems for, 23.1.2, 23.3.1 boundary value problems for linear, linearBVP, 23.4.3 boundary value problems for nonlinear, 23.4.3 delay-, 23.3.1 direction fields for, 23.1.1, 23.1.3, 23.3.2 equilibrium points of, 23.1.1 estimation of, 23.4.4 first-order, 23.1.1 general solutions of, 23.1.1 initial value problems for, 23.1.1 nullclines of, 23.3.2 partial, 24.1.1 phase trajectories for, 23.1.3, 23.3.2 second- and higher-order, 23.1.2 simultaneous, 23.1.3 stiff, 23.4.1 trajectories for, 23.1.1, 23.1.2, 23.3.1, 23.3.3 Differential equations, solution of as expressions, 23.1.1 as interpolating functions, 23.3.1 as pure functions, 23.2.3, 23.3.1 as rules, 23.1.1 Differential equations, solving by advanced numerical methods, NDSolve, 2.3.4, 23.3.1 by Euler's methods, euler, etc., 15.1.1, 15.2.2 by Laplace transform, 23.2.1 by Runge-Kutta method, rungeKuttaSolve, 23.4.2 by series expansions, 23.2.2 by symbolic methods, DSolve, 2.3.4, 23.1.1 Differential-algebraic equations, 23.1.3, 23.3.2 DifferentialEvolution, 20.2.4 Differentials, Dt, 16.1.2 Diffusion, 26.2.2 Digamma function, PolyGamma, 12.4.3 Dijkstra\[Bullet], 20.0.2 Dimensions, 13.1.1, 18.2.1 DiracDelta, 12.4.2 Direction, 16.3.1, 16.3.2 Direction fields, 23.1.1 Directives, graphics, 5.4.1 Directory current working, Directory, 4.2.3 resetting current working, ResetDirectory, 4.2.3 setting current working, SetDirectory, 4.2.3 Directory, 4.2.3 Discrete dynamic models, 25.1.1 Fourier transform, Fourier, 17.4.3 probability distributions, multivariate, 26.1.6 probability distributions, univariate, 26.1.2 Discrete-time Markov chains, 26.2.2 DiscreteDelta, 12.4.2 DiscreteDistributions package, 26.1.2 DiscreteMath`CombinatorialFunctions`, 12.4.2 DiscreteMath`Combinatorica`, 12.4.2, 13.2.2, 15.2.4, 20.0.2, 26.1.1 DiscreteMath`ComputationalGeometry`, 10.1.2, 21.2.2 DiscreteMath`DiscreteStep`, 12.4.2 DiscreteMath`RSolve`, 16.2.2 DiscreteStep package, 12.4.2 DiscreteStep\[Bullet], 12.4.2 DiscreteUniformDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Disk, 5.4.2, 5.4.5, 5.4.7, 9.1.2 Dispatch, 15.3.1 Dispersion statistics, 27.1.1, 27.1.2 DispersionMatrix\[Bullet], 27.1.2 DispersionReport\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Display, 4.2.2 Display formulas, 3.4.2 DisplayFunction, 4.4.2, 5.2.1, 6.1.2, 8.1.1, 8.2.1 Displaying graphics irregularly, Rectangle, 5.2.2 regularly, GraphicsArray, 5.2.2 superimposed, Show, 5.1.2 DisplayTogether\[Bullet], 5.2.1 DisplayTogetherArray\[Bullet], 5.2.1 Distribution function, CDF\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Div\[Bullet], 16.1.3 divergence, 16.1.3 Divide (/), 1.2.3 Divided differences, 16.1.4, 21.1.1, 21.1.2 Divisors, 11.1.1 Do, 15.1.2, 15.1.3, 19.3.4, 21.1.2, 24.3.2, 24.3.3, 26.2.3 Dodecahedron\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Domain\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Domains, 12.2.1 Dot (.), 2.3.2, 18.2.2 dotPlot, 9.4.1, 9.4.2 DotProduct\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Dots per inch, 4.2.2 DoubleExponential, 17.2.2 DoubleHelix\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Downloading fonts, 6.3.2 Downvalues, 15.3.1 dpi (dots per inch), 4.2.2 DragAndDrop, 3.2.3 Drop, 13.2.1, 16.1.4, 18.2.3, 27.1.1 DropNonNumeric\[Bullet], 27.2.2 DropNonNumericColumn\[Bullet], 27.2.2 DSolve for differential equations, 2.3.4, 23.1.1, 23.1.2 for partial differential equations, 24.1.1 DSolveIntegrals package, 24.1.1 Dt, 16.1.2 DTFourierTransform\[Bullet], 17.4.2 dtMarkovChain, 26.2.2 DumpSave, 4.3.1 Duncan\[Bullet], 27.5.3 Dunnett\[Bullet], 27.5.3 Dynamic programming as a programming technique, 14.1.3, 15.1.1 as an optimization method, 20.0.2 E E, 1.2.3, 11.1.3 EdgeForm, 7.2.1, 7.2.4, 8.1.6, 8.1.7 Edit, 1.2.1 Edit Button (menu command), 3.1.3 Edit Style Sheet (menu command), 3.2.4 Editing cell styles, 3.2.4 graphics, 5.1.3 inputs, 1.5 notebooks, 1.2.1, 1.5, 3.2.1 outputs, 1.5 style sheets, 3.2.4 Eigensystem, 18.2.2 Eigenvalues, 18.2.2 Eigenvectors, 18.2.2 Element (\[Element]), 12.2.1 ElementAbbreviations\[Bullet], 11.1.3 Elements\[Bullet], 11.1.3 Elements, chemical, 11.1.3 Eliminate, 19.2.2, 23.2.4 Ellipsoid\[Bullet], 5.4.2, 5.4.5 EllipsoidQuantile\[Bullet], 26.1.6, 27.1.2 EllipsoidQuartiles\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Elliptic integrals, 17.1.1 Elliptic partial differential equations, 24.2.5, 24.2.6, 24.3.3 ellipticFDM, 24.3.3 em, 3.2.3, 13.1.3 End, 14.3.3 EndPackage, 14.3.3 Enter Subsession (menu command), 4.4.1 environmental data, 9.5.1, 27.6.3 Epilog, 1.1.1, 2.1.3, 5.4.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.6.2, 6.6.3, 8.1.1, 8.1.5, 8.2.1, 9.1.1 EPS, 4.2.2 EPS, 4.2.2 EPSI, 4.2.2 EPSTIFF, 4.2.2 Equal (==), 2.3.2, 12.3.5 EqualVariances\[Bullet], 27.4.2 Equations delay-differential, 23.3.1 difference, RSolve, 25.1.1 differential, DSolve, 2.3.4, 23.1.1 integral, 23.2.4 integro-differential, 23.2.4 linear, Solve, 19.1.1 partial differential, DSolve, 24.1.1 polynomial, Solve, 2.3.2, 19.2.1 transcendental, FindRoot, 2.3.2, 19.3.2 Equations, linear, 19.1.1 advanced methods for, Solve, LinearSolve, 19.1.1 eliminating variables from, Solve, 19.1.2 Gaussian elimination of, RowReduce, 19.1.2 iterative methods for, gaussSeidel, 19.1.3 LU decomposition of, LUDecomposition, 19.1.2 overdetermined, 19.1.2 sparse, Solve, 19.1.1 tridiagonal, TridiagonalSolve\[Bullet], 19.1.2 underdetermined, 19.1.2 Equations, polynomial, 19.2.1 detailed solutions of, Reduce, 19.2.2 eliminating variables from, Eliminate, 19.2.2 numerical solutions of, NSolve, 2.3.2, 19.2.1 symbolic solutions of, Solve, 2.3.2, 19.2.1 systems of, 19.2.1 Equations, radical, Solve, Reduce, 19.2.3 Equations, transcendental, 19.3.1 advanced methods for, FindRoot, 2.3.2, 19.3.2 bisection method for, FindRoot, 19.3.2 Brent's method for, FindRoot, 19.3.2 detailed solutions of, Reduce, 19.3.1 fixed-point method for, FixedPoint, 15.2.3 interval methods for, 19.3.3 inverse cubic interpolation for, InterpolateRoot\[Bullet], 19.3.3 Newton's method for, FindRoot, 19.3.2 Newton's method for, newton, etc., 15.1.1, 15.2.2, 15.2.3 Newton's method for, newtonSolve, 19.3.4 secant method for, FindRoot, 19.3.2 secant method for, secantSolve, 19.3.4 simple, Solve, Reduce, 19.3.1 symbolic solutions of, Solve, 19.3.1 systems of, 19.3.2 Equilibrium points, 23.1.1, 23.3.2, 25.2.3, 25.3.1 Erf, 12.4.3 Erfc, 12.4.3 Error functions, Erf, Erfc, 12.4.3 ErrorListPlot\[Bullet], 9.1.3 Errors absolute, 11.2.1 relative, 11.2.1 round-off, 11.2.3, 11.3.1 truncation, 11.3.1 Estimation interval, 27.4.1, 27.4.2 of difference equations, 25.3.2 of differential equations, 23.4.4 euler, 15.1.1 euler2, 15.2.2 EulerE, 12.4.2 EulerEquations\[Bullet], 20.3.4 EulerGamma, 11.1.3 Euler's method, euler, etc., 15.1.1, 15.2.2 EulerSum\[Bullet], 16.1.4, 16.3.2, 17.3.2 Evaluate, 5.1.2, 14.2.3, 22.2.1, 24.2.3 Evaluate Notebook (menu command), 3.1.1 EvaluateNumericalFunctionArgument, 23.4.4, 25.2.3 Evaluation, 1.2.1 aborting, 1.2.1 delayed, 15.3.1 immediate, 15.3.1 memory constrained, MemoryConstrained, 4.4.2 time constrained, TimeConstrained, 4.4.1 time of, Timing, 4.4.1 tracing of, Trace, 14.2.1 EvaluationCompletionAction, 3.2.3, 4.4.1 EvaluationMonitor, 11.3.2, 17.2.2, 17.3.2, 19.3.2, 20.1.1, 20.1.2, 20.2.4, 22.1.4, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 EvenQ, 12.3.5 ExcludedForms, 12.2.1 Exists, 19.2.2 Exit Subsession (menu command), 4.4.1 Exp, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 Expand, 2.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.2 ExpandAll, 12.2.2 ExpandDenominator, 12.3.1 Expanding logical statements, LogicalExpand, 12.3.5 polynomials, Expand, 2.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.2 powers, PowerExpand, 12.2.2 special functions, FunctionExpand, 12.2.2 trigonometric expressions, TrigExpand, 12.3.3 ExpandNumerator, 12.3.1 ExpandRatio, 20.2.4 ExpectedValue\[Bullet], 26.1.2, 27.1.1 Experimental` context, 14.2.2, 20.2.2 Experimental`CompileEvaluate, 14.2.2 ExpIntegralE, 12.4.3 ExpIntegralEi, 12.4.3 ExplicitRungeKutta, 23.4.1 Exponent, 12.3.2 Exponential growth, 22.1.3, 22.1.4, 23.2.1, 23.3.1 ExponentialDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 ExponentialGeneratingFunction\[Bullet], 25.1.3 ExponentialSmoothing\[Bullet], 27.3.2 Export, 4.2.1, 4.2.2 Exporting data, Export, 4.2.1 graphics, Export, 4.2.2 Expression Input (menu command), 3.3.3, 3.4.2 Expressions atoms of, 12.2.3 box structure of, 3.2.1 calculating the value of, 2.2.1 classes of, 15.3.2 compiling, CompileEvaluate\[Bullet], 14.2.2 complex, 12.3.4 expanding, 12.2.2 grouping terms in, 1.3 heads of, Head, 12.2.3 hyperbolic, 12.3.3 in TEX form, TeXForm, 4.3.2 in C form, CForm, 4.3.2 in Fortran form, FortranForm, 4.3.2 in input form, InputForm, 3.3.1 in MathML form, MathMLForm, 4.3.2 in output form, OutputForm, 3.3.1 in standard form, StandardForm, 3.3.1 in traditional form, TraditionalForm, 3.3.1 inserting values into, /., 12.1.2 internal code of, 3.2.1 internal form of, FullForm, 12.1.3, 12.2.3 levels of, 12.2.3 logical, 12.3.5 manipulating, 2.2.1, 12.2.1 parts of, Part, etc., 12.1.3 polynomial, 12.3.2 rational, 12.3.1 short forms for, Short, Shallow, 2.2.1, 12.2.3 simplifying, Simplify, etc., 2.2.1, 12.2.1 size of, ByteCount, 4.4.2 string, 12.3.6 testing equality of, 12.3.5, 26.1.1 tracing, Trace, 14.2.1 trigonometric, 12.2.1, 12.3.3 writing 2D, 3.3.3 ExpToTrig, 12.3.3 ExtendGraphics packages, 10.1.2 ExtendGraphics`LabelContour`, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 ExtendGraphics`Mandelbrot`, 25.3.3 Extract, 13.2.1, 20.3.3 Extraneous solutions, 19.2.3 Extrapolation, 21.2.1 ExtremeValueDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 EyeDistance\[Bullet], 7.3.2 EyeSeparation\[Bullet], 7.3.2 F FaceForm, 7.2.4 FaceGrids, 8.1.1, 8.1.4 Factor, 2.2.1, 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 19.2.1 Factorial (!), 1.2.3, 12.4.2 Factorial2 (!!), 12.4.2 Factoring integers, FactorInteger, 11.1.1 Mersenne numbers, 1.1.1 polynomials, Factor, 2.2.1, 12.3.2 trigonometric expressions, TrigFactor, 12.3.3 FactorInteger, 1.1.1, 11.1.1 FactorTerms, 12.3.2 False, 6.1.1 Fast Fourier transform, Fourier, 17.4.3 Fibonacci, 12.4.2, 25.1.1 Files binary, 4.2.1 finding from, FindList, 4.2.1 locating, 4.2.3 looking at, !!, 4.2.1 reading data from, Import, 4.2.1 reading graphics from, Import, 4.2.2 writing data to, Export, 4.2.1 writing graphics to, Export, 4.2.2 FilledListPlot\[Bullet], 9.1.3 FilledPlot package, 5.3.3, 6.1.2, 6.5.1, 9.1.3, 12.1.3 FilledPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.3, 12.1.3 Fills\[Bullet], 5.3.3 Filtering with Fourier, 17.4.3, 27.3.2 with LinearFilter\[Bullet], 27.3.2 FilterOptions package, 9.1.2, 14.3.4 FilterOptions\[Bullet], 9.1.2, 14.3.4 Final-state diagram, 25.2.2 FindFit, 22.1.1, 22.1.4, 23.4.4 options for, 22.1.4 FindInstance, 19.2.4 FindList, 4.2.1 FindMaximum, 2.3.2, 20.1.1 FindMinimum, 2.3.2, 20.1.1 options for, 20.1.1 FindRoot, 2.3.2, 5.3.2, 14.1.4, 19.3.2 options for, 19.3.2 Finite difference methods, 24.3.3 Finite fields, 0.2 First, 13.2.1 FirstIntegrals\[Bullet], 20.3.4 Fit, 1.1.1, 22.1.1 FitResiduals\[Bullet], 27.6.1 Fitting of data with linear models, Fit, 22.1.1 with nonlinear models, FindFit, 22.1.4 with polynomial models, PolynomialFit\[Bullet], 22.1.1 with trigonometric models, TrigFit\[Bullet], 22.1.2 Fixed-point method, FixedPoint, 15.2.3 Fixed-precision arithmetic, 11.2.2 FixedPoint, 15.2.3, 19.1.3 FixedPointList, 15.2.3, 19.3.4, 20.1.3, 26.2.1 Flatten, 13.2.3 Floor, 11.1.1 Fold, 15.2.4 FoldList, 2.2.3, 15.2.4, 26.2.1, 26.2.2, 26.2.3 FontColor, 3.2.3, 6.3.1 FontFamily, 3.2.3, 6.3.1 Fonts in graphics, 6.3.1 in notebooks, 3.2.1 problems with in printing, 6.3.2 FontSize, 3.2.3, 6.3.1 FontSlant, 3.2.3, 6.3.1 FontTracking, 3.2.3 FontVariations, 3.2.3 FontWeight, 3.2.3, 6.3.1 For, 15.1.2 ForAll, 19.2.2, 19.2.4 Format (menu command), 3.2.1 Formatting notebooks, 3.2.1 results, 3.3.1 tables, 13.1.2, 13.1.3 text in graphics, 6.3.1 FormatType, 6.1.2, 6.3.1, 8.1.1, 8.2.1 Formulas automatic numbering of, 3.4.4 display, 3.4.2 inline, 3.4.3 manual numbering of, 3.4.4 numbering of, 3.4.1 FortranForm, 4.3.2 Four-dimensional graphics, for functions, 7.4.1 Fourier, 17.4.3 Fourier transforms continuous, FourierTransform, 17.4.2 discrete, Fourier, 17.4.3 FourierCoefficient\[Bullet], 17.4.2 FourierCosCoefficient\[Bullet], 17.4.2 FourierCosTransform, 17.4.2 FourierParameters, 17.4.2, 17.4.3 FourierSeries\[Bullet], 17.4.2 FourierSinCoefficient\[Bullet], 17.4.2 FourierSinTransform, 17.4.2 FourierTransform, 17.4.2 FourierTransform package, 17.4.2 FourierTrig package, 17.4.3 FourierTrigSeries\[Bullet], 17.4.2 Fractals, 25.3.3 FractionalPart, 11.1.1 Fractions, 3.3.3 Frame, 6.1.2, 6.5.3, 8.2.1 FrameBoxOptions, 3.2.3, 3.4.2 FrameLabel, 6.1.2, 6.5.3, 8.2.1 Frames around 2D graphics, Frame, 6.5.3 around 3D graphics, Boxed, 8.1.4 around boxes, BoxFrame, 3.2.3 around cells, CellFrame, 3.2.3 around contour and density graphics, Frame, 8.2.1 around tables, GridFrame, 13.1.3 Frames\[Bullet], 7.3.1 FrameStyle, 6.1.2, 6.5.3, 8.2.1 FrameTicks, 6.1.2, 6.5.3, 7.1.2, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 FRatioCI\[Bullet], 27.4.2 FRatioDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 FRatioPValue\[Bullet], 27.5.2 Fredholm integral equations, 23.2.4 FreeQ, 12.3.5, 15.3.2, 20.3.3, 24.3.2 Frequencies\[Bullet], 27.2.1 FrequencyData\[Bullet], 9.1.3 Frobenius, 18.2.2 Front end, 1.1.2 options for, 3.2.2 Full conditional distributions, 27.7.4 FullForm, 12.1.3, 12.2.3 FullGraphics, 5.4.1, 9.3.1 FullReport\[Bullet], 27.5.1 FullSimplify, 2.2.1, 12.2.1 Function (&), 14.1.5, 24.3.2, 25.3.2 Function iteration, 15.2.1 Functional programming, 15.2.1 FunctionExpand, 12.2.2 FunctionInterpolation, 21.4.2, 22.2.1, 23.4.3, 27.7.1, 27.7.3 functionLSQ, 22.2.1 Functions attributes of, Attributes, 14.2.3 compiling, Compile, 14.2.2 composite, 14.1.2 defining, 2.2.3, 14.1.1 identity, 14.1.2 implicit, 14.1.4 indexed, 14.1.1 inverse, 14.1.2 iterating, 15.2.1 mathematical, 12.4.1 periodic, 14.1.3, 17.4.2 piecewise-defined, 14.1.2 pure, 14.1.5 recursive, 14.1.3, 15.1.1 tracing, Trace, 14.2.1 user-defined, 2.2.3, 14.1.1 G galaxy data, 10.2.2 gamblersRuin, 26.2.1 Gamerman (1997), 27.7.4, 27.7.5 Gamma, 12.4.3 Gamma function, Gamma, 12.4.3 incomplete, Gamma, 12.4.3 GammaDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 Ganzha and Vorozhtsov (1996), 24.0.2 Gauss-Seidel method, 19.1.3 Gaussian distribution, NormalDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 elimination, RowReduce, 18.2.2, 19.1.2 integers, GaussianIntegers, 11.1.1 kernel, 27.3.1 quadrature, gaussianQuadrature, 17.2.5 GaussianElimination package, 18.2.4, 19.1.2 GaussianIntegers, 11.1.1 gaussianQuadrature, 17.2.5 GaussianQuadrature package, 17.2.5 GaussianQuadratureError\[Bullet], 17.2.5 GaussianQuadratureWeights\[Bullet], 17.2.5 GaussKronrod, 17.2.2 GaussPoints, 17.2.2 gaussSeidel, 19.1.3 Gear, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 Gear's method, 23.4.1 General solution, 23.1.1 Generalized eigenvalues, 18.2.2 Generalized inverse, PseudoInverse, 18.2.2 GeneralizedBarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.3, 26.1.3 GeneralizedVariance\[Bullet], 27.1.2 GeneralMinimaxApproximation\[Bullet], 22.2.2 GeneralRationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 22.2.1 Generate Notebook from Palette (menu command), 3.1.3 Generate Palette from Selection (menu command), 3.1.3 GenerateConditions, 17.1.3 GeneratedParameters, 23.1.2 Generating functions in solving difference equations, 25.1.3 moment, 26.1.3, 26.1.5 probability, 24.1.1, 26.1.3 GeneratingFunction\[Bullet], 25.1.3 Generation of random numbers, Random, 26.1.1, 26.1.2 Generators of continuous-time Markov chains, 26.2.3 Generic values of parameters, 17.1.1, 19.2.2, 23.1.1 Genetic programming, 20.0.2, 20.2.4 GeometricDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.2 GeometricMean\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Geometry`Polytopes`, 5.3.5, 7.2.2 Geometry`Rotations`, 18.1.1 Get (<<), 4.1.1, 4.3.1 Get File Path (menu command), 4.2.3 Gibbs sampling, 27.7.1, 27.7.4 GIF, 4.2.2 Gilks, Richardson, and Spiegelhalter (1996), 27.7.5 Glaisher, 11.1.3 Global` context, 12.1.1, 14.3.1 Global optimization by Minimize, 20.2.2 by NMinimize, 20.2.1, 20.2.3 GoldenRatio, 6.2.1, 11.1.3 Goodness-of-fit test, 27.5.2 Goto, 15.1.2 Grad\[Bullet], 16.1.3 gradient, 16.1.3, 20.3.1 Gradient, 20.1.1, 22.1.4, 27.6.2 Gradient fields for 3D functions, PlotGradientField\[Bullet], 7.2.3 for 4D functions, PlotGradientField3D\[Bullet], 7.4.1 GramSchmidt\[Bullet], 18.1.1 Graph theory, 0.2, 12.4.2, 20.0.2 Graphics add-ons in 2D graphics, 6.6.2 add-ons in 3D graphics, 8.1.5 directives, 2D, 5.4.1 directives, 3D, 7.2.4 exporting, Export, 4.2.2 font in a piece of text, StyleForm, 6.3.2 font in a plot, TextStyle, 6.3.1 font in a session, $TextStyle, 6.3.1 for 2D data, 9.1.1 for 2D functions, 5.1.1 for 3D data, 10.1.1 for 3D functions, 7.1.1 for 4D functions, 7.4.1 importing, Import, 4.2.2 primitives, 2D, 5.4.2 primitives, 3D, 7.2.4 text primitive, Text, 5.4.6 Graphics, 4.2.2, 5.2.2, 5.3.5, 5.4.1, 6.6.2, 9.1.2, 9.2.1, 9.4.1, 15.2.3, 25.2.1, 25.3.1, 26.2.3 options for, 6.1.2 Graphics package, 5.2.1, 5.3.1, 5.3.5, 9.1.3, 9.3.1, 9.3.2, 9.3.3, 9.3.5, 9.5.2 Graphics3D, 7.1.3, 7.2.4, 8.1.5, 10.1.2, 10.2.2 options for, 8.1.1 Graphics3D package, 5.2.2, 10.1.1, 10.2.1 Graphics`Animation`, 5.1.3, 7.3.1, 10.2.2 Graphics`ArgColors`, 5.3.4 GraphicsArray, 2.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2.2, 6.1.2, 6.1.3 Graphics`Arrow`, 5.4.2, 5.4.6, 6.1.3, 6.6.2, 23.3.2 Graphics`Colors`, 5.4.7 Graphics`ComplexMap`, 5.3.4 Graphics`ContourPlot3D`, 7.4.2, 24.2.6 Graphics`FilledPlot`, 5.3.3, 6.1.2, 6.5.1, 9.1.3, 12.1.3 Graphics`Graphics`, 5.2.1, 5.3.1, 5.3.5, 9.1.3, 9.3.1, 9.3.2, 9.3.3, 9.3.5, 9.5.2 Graphics`Graphics3D`, 5.2.2, 7.2.2, 10.1.1, 10.2.1 Graphics`ImplicitPlot`, 5.3.2, 16.1.2 Graphics`InequalityGraphics`, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 7.2.2, 17.1.4, 20.2.1 Graphics`Legend`, 6.1.2, 6.6.3, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 9.2.2, 9.3.2 Graphics`MultipleListPlot`, 5.3.5, 9.2.2 Graphics`ParametricPlot3D`, 7.2.1 Graphics`PlotField`, 5.3.4, 7.2.3, 23.1.1, 25.1.1, 25.1.2 Graphics`PlotField3D`, 7.4.1 Graphics`Polyhedra`, 7.2.2 GraphicsPrintingFormat, 3.2.3, 5.4.6, 6.3.2 Graphics`Shapes`, 7.2.2 GraphicsSpacing, 5.2.2, 6.1.2 Graphics`Spline`, 5.4.2, 5.4.4 Graphics`SurfaceOfRevolution`, 7.2.2 Graphs, 5.3.5 Gray (1997), 15.0.2 GrayLevel, 5.4.2, 5.4.7, 7.2.4 Greater (>), 12.3.5 GreaterEqual (>=), 12.3.5 Greek letters, 3.3.2 Green (2001), 27.7.1, 27.7.4, 27.7.5 Grid, 13.1.3, 20.2.1, 26.1.5, 26.2.2 GridBaseline, 13.1.3 GridBox, 13.1.3 GridBoxOptions, 13.1.3 GridFrame, 13.1.3 GridFrameMargins, 13.1.3 GridLines, 6.1.2, 6.5.4, 9.3.1 gridMathematica, 0.2 Grids in 2D graphics, GridLines, 6.5.4 in 3D graphics, FaceGrids, 8.1.4 GroebnerBasis, 19.2.1 Group theory, 0.2 Grouping of input expressions, (), 1.3 GroupPageBreakWithin, 3.2.3 Guides\[Bullet], 7.3.2 Guttorp (1995), 26.2.2 H HalfNormalDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 HankelMatrix\[Bullet], 18.2.1 hare data, 9.1.2, 9.1.3, 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 23.4.4 HarmonicMean\[Bullet], 27.1.1 HarmonicNumber, 12.4.2 Harvesting, 23.2.1 Head, 11.1.1, 12.2.3, 13.3.2 HeadCenter\[Bullet], 5.4.6 HeadLength\[Bullet], 5.4.6 Heads, 12.2.3, 15.3.2 HeadScaling\[Bullet], 5.4.6 HeadShape\[Bullet], 5.4.6 HeadWidth\[Bullet], 5.4.6 Heat equation, 24.1.2, 24.2.1, 24.3.1 Helix\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Help, 1.4.1 Help Browser, 1.4.2, 3.1.4, 4.1.1 Hermite polynomials, HermiteH, 12.4.2 HermiteH, 12.4.2 HessenbergDecomposition\[Bullet], 18.2.4 Hessian, 16.1.3, 20.3.1 hessian, 16.1.3, 20.3.1 Hexahedron\[Bullet], 7.2.2 HiddenSurface, 8.1.1, 8.1.7 High-precision numbers, 11.2.2 Hilbert matrices, 18.2.2 HilbertMatrix\[Bullet], 18.2.1 Histogram\[Bullet], 9.1.3, 26.1.5, 27.2.1, 27.7.4 HistogramCategories\[Bullet], 9.1.3 HistogramRange\[Bullet], 9.1.3 HistogramScale\[Bullet], 9.1.3 HLSColor\[Bullet], 5.4.7 Hofstadter\[Bullet], 12.4.2 HoldAll, 5.1.2, 14.2.3 HoldForm, 15.2.2 Horner package, 12.3.1 Horner\[Bullet], 12.3.1, 12.3.2 Horner form, 15.2.4 HotellingTSquareDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.6 Householder\[Bullet], 18.1.1 HTML, 3.4.1, 4.3.2 HTMLSave, 4.3.2 Hue, 5.4.2, 5.4.7, 7.2.4 Hyperbolic functions, 12.3.3, 12.4.1 Hyperbolic partial differential equations, 24.1.1, 24.1.2, 24.2.2, 24.2.3, 24.2.4, 24.3.1 Hypergeometric functions, 12.4.3 Hypergeometric1F1, 12.4.3 Hypergeometric2F1, 12.4.3 HypergeometricDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Hyperlinks, 1.4.2, 3.1.4 Hyphenation, 3.1.1, 3.2.3 HyphenationMinLengths, 3.2.3 HyphenationOptions, 3.2.3 Hypothesis tests, 27.5.1 type I and II errors in, 27.5.1 HypothesisTests package, 27.5.1 I I, 1.2.3, 11.1.3 Icosahedron\[Bullet], 7.2.2 IdentityMatrix, 18.2.1 If, 9.1.2, 14.1.2, 15.1.2, 15.1.3, 18.2.1, 20.1.3, 26.2.3 Im, 5.3.4, 11.1.1, 12.3.4 ImageResolution, 4.2.2 ImageRotated, 4.2.2 ImageSize, 3.2.3, 4.2.2, 5.1.3, 5.2.2, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.2.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.2.1 Imaginary part, Im, 11.1.1 Imaginary unit, I, 11.1.3 Implicit functions, 14.1.4 plotting of, 5.3.2 ImplicitPlot package, 5.3.2, 16.1.2 ImplicitPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.2, 16.1.2 ImplicitRungeKutta, 23.4.1 Import, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 9.1.2, 9.2.1 Importing data, Import, 4.2.1 graphics, Import, 4.2.2 IncludeConstant\[Bullet], 27.6.1 Incomplete beta function, Beta, 12.4.3 gamma function, Gamma, 12.4.3 Indefinite integration, Integrate, 2.3.1, 17.1.1 Indeterminate, 11.1.3 Index, automatic creation of, 3.4.1 Index entries, adding into a notebook, 3.4.1 Indexed variables, 13.1.4 Inequalities characteristic function of, Boole\[Bullet], 17.1.4 finding instances of, FindInstance, 19.2.4 integrating over regions described by, Integrate, 17.1.4 plotting 2D, InequalityPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.3 plotting 3D, InequalityPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.2.2 plotting complex, ComplexInequalityPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.4 simplifying, Simplify, 12.2.1 solving, Reduce, 19.2.4 InequalityGraphics package, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 7.2.2, 17.1.4, 20.2.1 InequalityPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.3, 17.1.4, 19.2.4, 20.2.1 InequalityPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.2.2 InequalitySolve package, 19.2.4 Infinity, 1.2.3, 11.1.3 Information about built-in symbols, 1.4.2 about user-defined symbols, 12.1.1 Initial value problems numerical solution of, NDSolve, 2.3.4, 23.3.1 symbolic solution of, DSolve, 2.3.4, 23.1.1 Initialization cells, 14.3.3 files, 4.1.2, 4.2.3 Initialization Cell (menu command), 14.3.3 InitialPoints, 20.2.4 Inline formulas, 3.4.3 Inner, 13.3.3, 16.1.3 Inner products, Dot (.), 18.1.1 InnerProduct\[Bullet], 18.1.1 Input, 15.1.2 InputAutoReplacements, 3.2.3 InputForm, 3.3.1, 5.4.1, 6.3.1, 11.2.2 Inputs 1D, 3.3.1 2D, 3.3.3 editing, 1.5 forms of, 3.3.1 Insert, 13.2.4 Integer programming, 20.0.2 with Minimize, 20.2.1, 20.2.2 with NMinimize, 20.2.1, 20.2.3 IntegerDigits, 11.1.1 IntegerFunctions\[Bullet], 16.2.2 IntegerPart, 11.1.1 IntegerQ, 12.3.5 Integers domain of, Integers, 12.2.1 factoring, FactorInteger, 11.1.1 Gaussian, GaussianIntegers, 11.1.1 manipulating, 11.1.1 prime, Prime, 11.1.1 random, Random, 26.1.1 testing, IntegerQ, etc., 12.3.5 Integers, 12.2.1 Integral calculus, 2.3.1, 17.1.1 Integral equations, 23.2.4 Fredholm, 23.2.4 Volterra, 23.2.4 Integrate, 1.2.3, 2.3.1, 17.1.1 options for, 17.1.3 Integration definite, Integrate, 1.2.3, 17.1.3 indefinite, Integrate, 1.2.3, 17.1.1 Integration package, 14.1.2 Integration package, 17.1.3, 17.1.4, 17.2.1 Integration, numerical by advanced methods, NIntegrate, 2.3.1, 17.2.1 by Gaussian quadrature, 17.2.5 by Monte Carlo methods, NIntegrate, 17.2.2 by Newton-Cotes quadrature, 17.2.5 by trapezoidal rule, 15.1.1, 17.2.5 for data, 17.2.6 methods for, 17.2.2 options for, 17.2.2 oscillatory integrands in, 17.2.4 singularities in, 17.2.3 Integration, symbolic assumptions in, Assumptions, 17.1.3 by advanced methods, Integrate, 2.3.1, 17.1.1 by change of variable, 17.1.2, 17.1.3 by parts, 17.1.2 conditions of convergence in, 17.1.3 definite, Integrate, 17.1.3 for multiple integrals, Integrate, 17.1.4 indefinite, Integrate, 17.1.1 options for, 17.1.3 Integro-differential equations, 23.2.4 Interactive selection of colors, 5.4.7 of viewpoint, 8.1.3 Interarrival times, 26.2.3 InterpolatedQuantile\[Bullet], 27.1.1 InterpolateRoot package, 19.3.3 InterpolateRoot\[Bullet], 19.3.3 Interpolating functions for 2D data, ListInterpolation, 21.2.1 for functions, FunctionInterpolation, 21.4.2 for irregular 3D data, 21.2.2 for regular higher-dimensional data, ListInterpolation, 21.2.2 in solving differential equations, 23.3.1 Interpolating polynomials for data, Lagrange's form of, lagrangeInterpolation, 21.1.2 for data, Newton's form of, InterpolatingPolynomial, 21.1.1 for data, Newton's form of, newtonInterpolation, 21.1.2 for functions, RationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 21.4.1 InterpolatingFunction, 21.2.1, 23.3.1 InterpolatingPolynomial, 21.1.1 Interpolation, 21.2.2, 27.6.3 Interpolation of data piecewise, Interpolation, 2.3.3, 21.2.1 piecewise, ListInterpolation, 21.2.1 piecewise, for irregular 3D data, 21.2.2 spline, SplineFit\[Bullet], 21.3.1 usual, InterpolatingPolynomial, 21.1.1 Interpolation of functions, 21.4.1 by Chebyshev approximation, RationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 21.4.1, 22.2.1 piecewise, FunctionInterpolation, 21.4.2 rational, RationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 21.4.1 InterpolationOrder, 21.2.1, 21.4.2 InterpolationPoints, 21.4.2 InterpolationPrecision, 21.4.2 InterquartileRange\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Intersection, 13.2.7 Interval, 11.1.3, 11.2.3 Interval arithmetic, Interval, 11.2.3, 19.3.3 IntervalBoundaries\[Bullet], 9.3.4 IntervalCenters\[Bullet], 9.3.4 IntervalRoots package, 19.3.3 Inverse cubic interpolation, InterpolateRoot\[Bullet], 19.3.3 functions, InverseFunction, 14.1.2 hyperbolic functions, 12.4.1 of matrices, Inverse, 18.2.2 quadratic interpolation, FindRoot, 19.3.2 trigonometric functions, 12.4.1 Inverse, 18.2.2 InverseDTFourierTransform\[Bullet], 17.4.2 InverseFourier, 17.4.3 InverseFourierCoefficient\[Bullet], 17.4.2 InverseFourierCosTransform, 17.4.2 InverseFourierSinTransform, 17.4.2 InverseFourierTransform, 17.4.2 InverseFunctions, 19.3.1 InverseLaplaceTransform, 17.4.1 InverseMatrixNorm\[Bullet], 18.2.2 InverseSeries, 16.2.1 InverseZTransform, 17.4.4 Iterating a mapping, Nest, 15.2.2 a mapping until convergence, FixedPoint, 15.2.3 a mapping with a resource, Fold, 15.2.4 in procedural programming, Do, While, For, 15.1.2 Iteration specifications, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 J jacobian, 16.1.3 Jacobian, 19.3.2 JacobianDeterminant\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Jacobi's method, 19.1.3 Jenkins-Traub algorithm, 19.2.1 J/Link, 0.2 Johnson, Kotz, and Kemp (1992), 27.4.2 Join, 13.2.7, 20.3.3 Joining lists, Join, 13.2.7 points, PlotJoined, 9.1.1 strings, StringJoin, 12.3.6 JordanDecomposition, 18.2.4 JPEG, 4.2.2 K Kaplan and Glass (1995), 25.2.4 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions, 20.3.3 Keiper (1993), 17.2.4, 23.4.3 Kelley and Peterson (2001), 25.0.2, 25.1.2, 25.1.4, 25.3.1 KendallRankCorrelation\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Kernel, 1.1.2 remote, 4.4.1, 4.4.2 Kernels, smoothing with, 27.3.1 Keyboard shortcuts, 1.4.2 Khinchin, 11.1.3 kktOptimize, 20.3.3 Klein bottle, 7.3.1 Knapp and Sofroniou (1997), 25.2.4 Knapsack problem, 20.2.1 KnownVariance\[Bullet], 27.4.1 KroneckerDelta, 12.4.2 KSubsets\[Bullet], 13.2.2 Kulenovic and Merino (2002), 25.0.2 Kulkarni (1995), 26.2.3 Kurtosis\[Bullet], 26.1.2, 27.1.1 KurtosisExcess\[Bullet], 26.1.2, 27.1.1 Kythe, Puri, and Sch\[ADoubleDot]ferkotter (1996), 24.0.2 L Label, 15.1.2 LabelContour package, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 LabelContourLegend\[Bullet], 8.2.1, 8.2.2 LabelContourLines\[Bullet], 8.2.2 LabeledListPlot\[Bullet], 9.5.2 lagrangeInterpolation, 21.1.2 Lagrange's interpolating polynomial, 21.1.2 Lagrange's method of constrained optimization, 20.3.2 Laguerre polynomials, LaguerreL, 12.4.2 LaguerreL, 12.4.2 Laplace transform, LaplaceTransform, 17.4.1 solving differential equations by, 23.2.1 solving integral equations by, 23.2.4 solving partial differential equations by, 24.1.2 LaplaceDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 LaplaceTransform, 17.4.1, 23.2.1, 23.2.4, 24.1.2 laplacian, 16.1.3 Laplacian\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Last, 13.2.1 LaTeX, 4.2.2 LeafCount, 12.2.1 Least-squares fits linear, for data, Fit, 22.0.2, 22.1.1 linear, for functions, functionLSQ, 22.2.1 nonlinear, FindFit, 22.0.2, 22.1.4 polynomial, PolynomialFit\[Bullet], 22.1.1 trigonometric, TrigFit\[Bullet], 22.1.2 Legend package, 6.1.2, 6.6.3, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 9.2.2, 9.3.2 LegendBackground\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendBorder\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendBorderSpace\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendLabel\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendLabelSpace\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendOrientation\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendPosition\[Bullet], 6.1.2, 6.6.3 Legendre polynomials, LegendreP, 12.4.2 LegendreP, 12.4.2, 12.4.3 LegendreQ, 12.4.3 Legends, 6.6.3 for BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.2 for ContourPlot, 8.2.2 for DensityPlot, 8.2.3 for MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 6.6.3, 9.2.2 for Plot, 6.6.3 with Epilog, 6.6.3 with Graphics, 9.2.1 with PlotLegend\[Bullet], 6.6.3 with ShowLegend\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendShadow\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendSize\[Bullet], 6.1.2, 6.6.3 LegendSpacing\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendTextDirection\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendTextOffset\[Bullet], 6.6.3 LegendTextSpace\[Bullet], 6.6.3 Length of expressions, Length, 12.2.3 of lists, Length, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 of strings, StringLength, 12.3.6 Length, 2.2.2, 12.2.3, 13.1.1, 18.2.1 LengthWhile\[Bullet], 27.2.2 Less (<), 12.3.5 LessEqual (<=), 12.3.5 Letters double-struck, 3.3.2 Gothic, 3.3.2 Greek, 3.3.2 script, 3.3.2 Level, 12.2.3 LevelIterations, 20.2.4 Levels, 12.2.3 in Apply, 13.3.2 in Map, 13.3.1 in Position, 13.2.6 Levenberg-Marquardt method, 22.1.4 LevenbergMarquardt, 20.1.1, 22.1.4 Lighting, 7.2.4, 8.1.1, 8.1.7, 10.2.1 LightSources, 8.1.1, 8.1.7 Likelihood function, 27.7.1 Limit, 2.3.1, 15.2.2, 16.3.1 Limit package, 15.2.2, 16.3.1 Limits, 16.3.1 directional, Direction, 16.3.1 numerical, NLimit\[Bullet], 16.3.2 symbolic, Limit, 16.3.1 Line, 5.3.5, 5.4.2, 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 7.2.4, 10.1.2 Linear algebra, 18.1.1 equations, Solve, 19.1.1 least-squares, Fit, 22.1.1 programming, Minimize, 20.2.1 regression, Regress\[Bullet], 27.6.1 LinearAlgebra`FourierTrig`, 17.4.3 LinearAlgebra`GaussianElimination`, 18.2.4, 19.1.2 LinearAlgebra`MatrixManipulation`, 18.2.1, 18.2.2, 18.2.3, 18.2.4, 19.1.1, 27.2.2 LinearAlgebra`Orthogonalization`, 18.1.1 LinearAlgebra`Tridiagonal`, 19.1.2 linearBVP, 23.4.3 LinearEquationsToMatrices\[Bullet], 19.1.1 LinearFilter\[Bullet], 27.3.2 LinearLogPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.5 LinearProgramming, 20.2.1 LinearRegression package, 27.6.1 LinearSolve, 19.1.1, 19.1.2, 19.3.4, 22.1.3, 22.2.1 Lines, Line, 5.4.4 dashing of, Dashing, 5.4.4 thickness of, Thickness, 5.4.4 Lines, 4.2.1 LineSpacing, 3.2.3 List, 4.2.1, 13.1.1 Listable, 14.2.3 ListContourPlot, 10.1.1 ListConvolve, 13.2.7, 27.3.1 ListCorrelate, 13.2.7, 27.3.1 ListDensityPlot, 10.1.1, 18.2.1 ListInterpolation, 21.2.2, 24.3.2, 24.3.3 ListPlot, 2.1.3, 9.1.1 options for, 9.1.1 ListPlot3D, 10.1.1 ListQ, 12.3.5 Lists, 1.3, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 applying functions to, Apply, 13.3.2 array depth of, ArrayDepth, 13.1.1 as collections of elements, 13.1.1 as matrices, 18.2.1 as tensors, 13.1.1, 18.2.1 as vectors, 18.1.1 dimensions of, Dimensions, 13.1.1 generation of, Table, Range, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 grouping, Partition, 13.2.3 in column form, ColumnForm, 13.1.2 in grid box form, Grid, 13.1.3 in matrix form, MatrixForm, 2.2.2, 18.2.1 in padded form, PaddedForm, 13.1.2 in tabular form, TableForm, 2.2.2, 13.1.2 length of, Length, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 manipulating, 13.2.1, 15.2.1 mapping, Apply, 13.3.2 mapping elements of, Map, 2.2.2, 13.3.1 mapping elements of two, 13.3.3 modifying, Prepend, etc., 13.2.4 of colors, RasterArray, 5.4.2, 5.4.7 of general elements, Array, 13.1.4 of graphics, GraphicsArray, 5.2.2 of gray levels, Raster, 5.4.2, 5.4.7 of random numbers, RandomArray\[Bullet], 26.1.2 of ranges of characters, CharacterRange, 12.3.6 of ranges of numbers, Range, 13.1.1 of rules, 12.1.2 operations on several, 13.2.7 parts of, [[ ]], etc., 13.1.1, 13.2.1 plotting, ListPlot, 9.1.1 positions of elements of, Position, etc., 13.2.6 rearranging, Transpose, etc., 13.2.2 runs in, Split, 13.2.3 searching from, Select, etc., 13.2.5 sorting, Sort, 2.2.2, 13.2.2 sums of elements of, Apply, 13.3.2 sums of elements of, Total, 18.1.1 tabulating, Grid, 13.1.3 tabulating, TableForm, 13.1.2 transposition of, Transpose, 13.1.1 ungrouping, Flatten, 13.2.3 ListSurfacePlot3D\[Bullet], 10.1.1 Loading plots, Get (<<), 4.3.1 results, Get (<<), 4.3.1 Loading packages, 4.1.1 automatically, 4.1.2 problems with, 4.1.1, 4.1.2 with Get (<<), 4.1.1 with Needs, 4.1.2 Local constants, With, 14.1.5 extrema, FindMinimum, 20.1.1 regression, localRegress, 27.6.3 rules, 15.3.1 values of variables, Block, 5.2.1, 14.1.5 variables, Module, 2.2.3, 14.1.5 localRegress, 27.6.3 Location statistics, 27.1.1, 27.1.2 LocationReport\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Loess method for local regression, 27.6.3 Log, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 Logarithmic expressions, 12.2.2, 15.3.4 plots, 5.3.5, 9.1.3 transforms in fitting exponentials, 22.1.3 transforms in solving difference equations, 25.1.4 Logical expressions, 12.3.5 operations, 12.3.5 tests, 12.3.5 LogicalExpand, 12.3.5, 16.2.3 LogIntegral, 12.4.3 Logistic difference equations, 2.2.2, 25.1.4, 25.2.1 differential equations, 22.1.4, 23.1.1, 23.4.4 fits, 22.1.4, 23.4.4 LogisticDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 logisticPlot, 25.2.1 LogLinearPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.5 LogLogPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.5 LogNormalDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 LogPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.5 LogSeriesDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Lorenz model, 23.3.3 Lotka-Volterra model, 23.3.2 LowerDiagonalMatrix\[Bullet], 18.2.1 LUBackSubstitution, 18.2.4, 19.1.2 LUDecomposition, 18.2.4, 19.1.2 LUFactor\[Bullet], 18.2.4, 19.1.2 LUMatrices\[Bullet], 18.2.4 LUSolve\[Bullet], 18.2.4, 19.1.2 lyapunovExponent, 25.2.4 lynx data, 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 23.4.4 M MacHale (1993), 0.5 Machine-precision numbers, 11.2.2 MachinePrecision, 11.1.3, 11.2.2, 11.3.1 Maeder (1994), 15.0.2 Maeder (1995a), 7.3.2 Maeder (1995b), 25.2.4 Maeder (1997), 14.3.3, 15.0.2 Magnification (menu command), 3.1.2 Magnification, 3.2.3 Make 2D (menu command), 3.3.3 Make Standard Size (menu command), 5.1.3 Make Template (menu command), 1.4.3 MakeSymbol\[Bullet], 9.2.2 mandelbrot, 25.3.3 Mandelbrot package, 25.3.3 Manipulation of expressions, 12.2.1 of lists, 13.2.1 of plots, 5.1.3 Map, 1.1.1, 2.2.2, 5.3.5, 5.4.5, 5.4.7, 6.3.2, 6.4.2, 7.1.3, 9.1.1, 9.1.2, 9.3.3, 9.4.1, 10.1.2, 10.2.2, 12.4.1, 13.3.1, 15.2.1, 16.1.3, 17.2.5, 18.2.4, 20.1.2, 20.3.3, 22.1.3, 25.2.2, 26.1.2, 26.1.6, 26.2.1, 26.2.2, 26.2.3, 27.2.1, 27.6.3 MapAll, 13.3.1 MapAt, 13.3.1 MapIndexed, 13.3.1 Mapping elements of lists with functions, Map, 2.2.2, 13.3.1 lists with functions, Apply, 13.3.2 two lists with functions, Inner, etc., 13.3.3 Maps, 5.3.5 MapThread, 13.3.3, 18.2.3 Margins above headers, PageHeaderMargins, 3.2.3 around boxes, BoxMargins, 3.2.3 around cells, CellMargins, 3.2.3 around pages, PrintingOptions, 3.2.3 between a cell frame and the labels, CellFrameLabelMargins, 3.2.3 inside cell frames, CellFrameMargins, 3.2.3 Markov chain Monte Carlo, 27.7.1, 27.7.5 Markov chains, 27.7.4, 27.7.5 continuous-time, 26.2.3 discrete-time, 26.2.2 Marsaglia-Zaman generator, 26.1.1 Martelli (1999), 25.0.2, 25.3.1 Master index, 1.4.2 Matching of patterns, 15.3.2 MatchQ, 12.3.5 Mathematica, 1.1.2 as a writing tool, 1.5, 3.1.2, 3.4.1 help for, 1.4.1 notational conventions of, 1.3 running a remote kernel, 4.4.1, 4.4.2 running front end only, 4.4.2 running kernel only, 4.4.2 Mathematical constants, 11.1.3 documents, 3.4.1 formulas, 3.4.2 Mathematical functions, 12.4.1 basic, 12.4.1 combinatorial, 12.4.2 nonsmooth, 12.4.2 orthogonal polynomials, 12.4.2 special, 12.4.3 Mathematical programming constrained nonlinear, NMinimize, 20.2.3 integer, NMinimize, 20.2.1, 20.2.3 linear, Minimize, 20.2.1 polynomial, Minimize, 20.2.2 unconstrained nonlinear, FindMinimum, 20.1.1 MathLink, 0.2, 25.2.4 MathML, 4.3.2 MathML, 0.2 MathMLForm, 4.3.2 MathSource, 1.1.2 Matrices, 2.3.2, 18.2.1 characteristic polynomials of, CharacteristicPolynomial, 18.2.2 characteristic polynomials of, charpoly, 2.2.3 Cholesky decomposition of, CholeskyDecomposition, 18.2.4 columns of, 18.2.3 combining, 18.2.3 condition numbers of, 18.2.2, 18.2.4 constructing, Table, etc., 18.2.1 decompositions of, 18.2.4 determinants of, Det, 2.3.2, 18.2.2 diagonal, DiagonalMatrix, 18.2.1 dimensions of, Dimensions, 18.2.1 eigenvalues of, Eigenvalues, 2.3.2, 18.2.2 eigenvectors of, Eigenvectors, 18.2.2 exponentials of, MatrixExponential, 18.2.2 formatting of, MatrixForm, 2.2.2, 18.2.1 Gaussian elimination of, RowReduce, 18.2.2, 19.1.2 generating, Table, etc., 18.2.1 Hessenberg decomposition of, HessenbergDecomposition\[Bullet], 18.2.4 Hilbert, HilbertMatrix, 18.2.1 identity, IdentityMatrix, 18.2.1 input of, 3.3.3 inverse, Inverse, 2.3.2, 18.2.2 Jordan decomposition of, JordanDecomposition, 18.2.4 LU decomposition of, LUDecomposition, 18.2.4, 19.1.2 manipulations of, 18.2.3 minors of, Minors, 18.2.2 norms of, Norm, 18.2.2 null space of, NullSpace, 18.2.2 plotting of, MatrixPlot\[Bullet], 18.2.1 polar decomposition of, PolarDecomposition\[Bullet], 18.2.4 powers of, MatrixPower, 18.2.2 product of, Dot (.), 18.2.2 pseudoinverse of, PseudoInverse, 18.2.2, 19.1.2 QR decomposition of, QRDecomposition, 18.2.4 rank of, MatrixRank, 18.2.2 rows of, 18.2.3 Schur decomposition of, SchurDecomposition, 18.2.4 singular value decomposition of, SingularValueDecomposition, 18.2.4 singular values of, SingularValueList, 18.2.2 sparse, 18.2.1 sub-, 18.2.3 sums of elements of, Total, 18.2.2 trace of, Tr, 18.2.2 transpose of, Transpose, 18.2.2 tridiagonal, 18.2.1, 19.1.2 Vandermonde, 18.2.1 MatrixConditionNumber\[Bullet], 18.2.2 MatrixExp, 18.2.2, 23.1.3 MatrixForm, 2.2.2, 2.3.2, 18.2.1 MatrixManipulation package, 18.2.1, 18.2.2, 18.2.3, 18.2.4, 19.1.1, 27.2.2 matrixNorm, 18.2.2 MatrixPlot\[Bullet], 18.2.1 MatrixPower, 18.2.2 MatrixQ, 12.3.5 Max, 1.2.3, 12.4.2, 18.1.1, 18.2.2 MaxArrowLength\[Bullet], 7.2.3, 7.4.1 MaxBend, 5.4.4, 6.1.2, 6.4.2 Maximize, 20.2.1, 20.2.2 Maximum, Max, 1.2.3, 12.4.2 MaxIterations, 19.3.2, 20.1.1, 20.2.4, 22.1.4, 22.2.2, 27.6.2 MaxMatrixSize\[Bullet], 18.2.1 MaxMemoryUsed, 4.4.2 MaxPoints, 17.2.2 MaxRecursion, 7.4.2, 17.2.2 MaxStepFraction, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 MaxSteps, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 MaxStepSize, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 MCMC, 27.7.1, 27.7.5 Mean, 2.2.2, 27.1.1 Mean\[Bullet], 26.1.2 MeanCI\[Bullet], 27.4.1 MeanDeviation\[Bullet], 27.1.1 MeanDifferenceCI\[Bullet], 27.4.2 MeanDifferenceTest\[Bullet], 27.5.2 MeanPredictionCITable\[Bullet], 27.6.1 MeanTest\[Bullet], 27.5.1 Median moving, MovingMedian\[Bullet], 27.3.2 multivariate, ConvexHullMedian\[Bullet], etc., 27.1.2 univariate, Median\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Median, 2.2.2, 27.1.1 MedianDeviation\[Bullet], 27.1.1 MemberQ, 11.1.3, 12.3.5 Memory, 4.4.2 Memory monitor, 4.4.2 MemoryConserve package, 4.4.2 MemoryConstrained, 4.4.2 MemoryInUse, 4.4.2 Menu commands, 1.4.2 Mersenne numbers, 1.1.1 Mesh, 8.1.1, 8.1.6, 8.2.1, 8.2.3 MeshRange, 8.2.3, 10.1.1 MeshStyle, 8.1.1, 8.1.6, 8.2.1, 8.2.3 Message, 14.3.4, 15.1.2 MessageName (::), 14.3.4 Mesterton-Gibbons (1989), 5.3.2 Metafile, 4.2.2 Method of least squares, 22.1.1 of lines, 24.3.1, 24.3.2 Method, 16.1.4, 16.3.2, 17.2.2, 19.3.2, 20.1.1, 20.2.4, 22.1.4, 23.4.1, 24.3.2, 27.6.2 methodOfLines, 24.3.2 metropolis, 27.7.5 Metropolis method, 27.7.5 Metropolis-Hastings method, 27.7.5 Microscope package, 11.2.3 Microsoft Word, 4.2.2 Min, 1.2.3, 12.4.2 Minimax approximation of data, FindFit, 22.1.4 of functions, MiniMaxApproximation\[Bullet], 22.2.2 MiniMaxApproximation\[Bullet], 22.2.2 Minimize, 20.2.1, 20.2.2 Minimum, Min, 1.2.3, 12.4.2 MinimumSpanningTree\[Bullet], 20.0.2 Minors, 18.2.2 MinRecursion, 17.2.2 Minus (-), 1.2.3 Miscellaneous`ChemicalElements`, 11.1.3 Miscellaneous`PhysicalConstants`, 11.1.3 Miscellaneous`RealOnly`, 5.3.4, 12.3.4, 12.4.1 Miscellaneous`Units`, 11.1.3 Miscellaneous`WorldPlot`, 5.3.5 MKS\[Bullet], 11.1.3 M/M/1 queue, 26.2.3 Mod, 11.1.1 modAnimal data, 9.3.1, 9.5.2 modBarley data, 9.4.2, 9.4.3, 10.2.1 Mode\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Models, examples of birth-death process, 24.1.1, 26.2.3 Brownian motion, 26.2.1 coin tossing, 15.2.4 competing species, 23.3.2 diffusion, 26.2.2 drug in blood, 25.3.2 elliptic equation, 2D, 24.2.5, 24.3.3 elliptic equation, 3D, 24.2.6 exponential growth, 22.1.4 gambler's ruin, 26.2.1 heat equation, 1D, 24.1.2, 24.2.1 logistic growth, 22.1.4 Lorenz model, 23.3.3 Lotka-Volterra model, 23.3.2 Markov chain, continuous-time, 26.2.3 Markov chain, discrete-time, 26.2.2 M/M/1 queue, 26.2.3 Poisson process, 26.2.3 predator-prey model, 23.3.2 random walk, 1D, 26.2.1 random walk, 2D, 26.2.1 wave equation, 1D, 24.1.1, 24.1.2, 24.2.2 wave equation, 2D, 24.2.3, 24.2.4 yeast culture, 22.1.4, 23.4.4, 25.3.2 Modified Bessel functions, BesselI, BesselK, 12.4.3 Module, 2.2.3, 7.1.3, 9.1.2, 9.4.1, 14.1.5, 15.1.3, 20.1.3, 20.3.3, 26.2.3 Modulo, 11.1.1 MoebiusStrip\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Moment-generating functions, 26.1.3, 26.1.5 MonteCarlo, 17.2.2 Moore-Penrose inverse, PseudoInverse, 18.2.2 Most, 13.2.1 Motion (menu command), 1.5 Moving averages, 27.3.1 MovingAverage\[Bullet], 27.3.2 MovingMedian\[Bullet], 27.3.2 MultiDescriptiveStatistics package, 5.4.2, 5.4.5, 27.1.2 MultiDimensional, 17.2.2 MultiDiscreteDistributions package, 26.1.6 Multinomial, 12.4.2 MultinomialDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.6 MultinormalDistribution package, 26.1.6 MultinormalDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.6 Multiple -valued functions, 12.4.1 data, plotting of, MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 9.2.1 functions, plotting of, Plot, 5.1.2 integrals, Integrate, 17.1.4 zeros, DampingFactor, 19.3.2 MultipleListPlot package, 5.3.5, 9.2.2 MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 9.1.3, 9.2.2 options for, 9.2.2 Multiplication, 1.2.3, 1.3 of matrices, Dot (.), 18.2.2 of vectors, Dot (.), 18.1.1 Multiplier method, 20.0.2 MultiPoissonDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.6 Multivariate continuous distributions, 26.1.6 descriptive statistics, 27.1.2 discrete distributions, 26.1.6 MultivariateKurtosis\[Bullet], 26.1.6, 27.1.2 MultivariateKurtosisExcess\[Bullet], 26.1.6, 27.1.2 MultivariateMeanDeviation\[Bullet], 27.1.2 MultivariateMedianDeviation\[Bullet], 27.1.2 MultivariateMode\[Bullet], 27.1.2 MultivariatePearsonSkewness1\[Bullet], 27.1.2 MultivariatePearsonSkewness2\[Bullet], 27.1.2 MultivariateSkewness\[Bullet], 26.1.6, 27.1.2 MultivariateTDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.6 MultivariateTrimmedMean\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Multiway dot plots, 9.4.2 Murrell (1994), 23.3.2 N N, 1.2.2, 2.2.1, 11.1.2 Nachbar (1995), 20.0.2 Names attributes of, 14.2.3 complete, 14.3.1 conventions of, 1.3 of variables, 1.2.2 removing, Remove, 12.1.1 shadowing of, 14.3.2 Names, 11.1.3, 12.1.1, 12.3.6 Nand, 12.3.5 ND\[Bullet], 16.1.4, 21.3.1 NDelayDSolve\[Bullet], 23.3.1 NDSolve, 23.3.1 for ordinary differential equations, 2.3.4, 23.3.1 for partial differential equations, 24.3.1 options for, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 Needs, 4.1.2 Negative, 12.3.5 NegativeBinomialDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.2 NegativeMultinomialDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.6 NelderMead, 20.2.4 Nest, 15.2.2 NestList, 15.2.2, 23.4.2, 25.1.1, 25.2.1, 25.2.2, 25.2.4, 25.3.1, 26.2.1, 26.2.2, 27.7.5 NestWhile, 15.2.3 NestWhileList, 15.2.3 networkPlot, 5.4.5 New lines (\n), 4.2.1, 12.3.6 newton, 15.1.1 Newton, 20.1.1, 22.1.4 newton2, 15.1.3 newton3, 15.2.2 newton4, 15.2.2 newton5, 15.2.3 NewtonCotes package, 17.2.5 NewtonCotesError\[Bullet], 17.2.5 NewtonCotesWeights\[Bullet], 17.2.5 newtonInterpolation, 21.1.2 Newton's method in interpolation, InterpolatingPolynomial, 21.1.1 in optimization, FindMinimum, 20.1.1 in root finding, FindRoot, 15.1.1, 19.3.2 in root finding, newton, etc., 15.1.3 newtonSolve, 19.3.4, 20.1.3 newtonSolveSystem, 19.3.4 NFourierTransform\[Bullet], 17.4.2 NFourierTrigSeries\[Bullet], 17.4.2 NIntegrate, 2.3.1, 16.1.4, 17.2.1 options for, 17.2.2 NIntegrateInterpolatingFunct package, 17.2.6 NIntegrateInterpolatingFunction\[Bullet], 17.2.6 NLimit package, 16.1.4, 16.3.2, 17.3.2, 21.3.1 NLimit\[Bullet], 16.3.2 NMaximize, 20.2.3 NMinimize, 20.2.1, 20.2.3, 22.1.4 NMinimize package, 20.2.3 NoncentralChiSquareDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 NoncentralFRatioDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 NoncentralStudentTDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 NonConstants, 16.1.1 None, 6.1.1 Nonlinear boundary value problems, 23.4.3 difference equations, 25.1.4, 25.2.1, 25.3.1 equations, FindRoot, 19.3.2 least-squares, FindFit, 22.1.4 programming, constrained, NMinimize, 20.2.3 programming, integer, NMinimize, 20.2.3 programming, unconstrained, FindMinimum, 20.1.1 regression, NonlinearRegress\[Bullet], 27.6.2 time series analysis, 25.2.4 NonlinearFit package, 22.1.4, 27.6.2 NonlinearFit\[Bullet], 22.1.4 NonlinearRegress\[Bullet], 27.6.2 NonNegative, 12.3.5 Nonparametric regression, 27.6.3 NonPositive, 12.3.5 Nonreal\[Bullet], 12.3.4 Nor, 12.3.5 Norm, 18.1.1, 18.2.2, 22.1.4 Normal, 16.2.1, 18.2.1 Normal distribution as approximation to binomial distribution, 26.1.5 bivariate, 26.1.6 multivariate, 26.1.6 univariate, 26.1.5 NormalCI\[Bullet], 27.4.1 NormalDistribution package, 26.1.4 NormalDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 Normalize\[Bullet], 18.1.1 NormalProbabilityPlot\[Bullet], 26.1.5 NormalPValue\[Bullet], 27.5.1 NormFunction, 22.1.4, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 Norms of matrices, Norm, etc., 18.2.2 of vectors, Norm, 18.1.1 Not (!), 12.3.5 Notation package, 13.1.4 NotebookAutoSave, 3.1.1, 3.2.3 Notebooks, 3.1.1 cell styles in, 3.1.2 cells in, 1.5 checking spelling of, 3.1.1 editing, 1.5, 3.2.1 footers of, 3.1.1 headers of, 3.1.1 hyperlinks in, 3.1.4 hyphenating, 3.1.1 magnification of, 3.1.2 manipulating graphics in, 5.1.3 opening, 1.5, 3.1.1 options for, 3.2.2 page breaks in, 3.1.1 printing, 3.1.1 printing settings of, 3.1.1 saving, 3.1.1 structure of, 3.2.1 style environments of, 3.1.2 style sheets of, 3.1.2 to packages, 14.3.3 NProduct, 17.3.3 NProductExtraFactors\[Bullet], 17.3.3 NProductFactors\[Bullet], 17.3.3 NResidue package, 16.2.1 NResidue\[Bullet], 16.2.1 NSolve, 2.3.2, 19.2.1 NSum, 17.2.4, 17.3.2 options for, 17.3.2 NSumTerms, 17.3.2 Nullclines, 23.3.2 NullSpace, 18.2.2 Number of bytes, ByteCount, 4.4.2 of characters, StringLength, 12.3.6 of elements, Length, 12.2.3, 13.1.1 of occurrences, Count, 15.3.5 of roots, 19.2.1 Number theory, 0.2, 11.0.2 NumberedEquation (menu command), 3.4.4 NumberForm, 11.1.2, 26.1.5 Numbering of formulas, 3.4.1, 3.4.4 of page references, 3.4.4 of sections, 3.4.4 NumberPadding, 13.1.2 NumberQ, 12.3.5 Numbers, 11.1.1 accuracy of, Accuracy, 11.2.1 arbitrary-precision, 4.4.1, 11.2.2 complex, 11.1.1 decimal, N, 2.2.1, 11.1.2 domains of, 12.2.1 fixed-precision, 11.2.2 Gaussian integer, 11.1.1 integer, 11.1.1 precision of, Precision, 11.2.1 prime, 1.1.1, 11.1.1 random, Random, 2.2.1, 26.1.1 ranges of, Range, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 rational, 11.1.1 real, 11.1.1, 11.1.2, 11.2.1 Roman, 3.1.1 tests for, 12.3.5 truncation of, Chop, 11.1.1 Numerator, 12.3.1 Numerical methods for constrained nonlinear programming, NMinimize, 20.2.3 for derivatives, ND\[Bullet], 16.1.4 for differential equations, NDSolve, 2.3.4, 23.3.1 for integer programming, NMinimize, 20.2.3 for integrals, NIntegrate, 17.2.1 for limits, NLimit\[Bullet], 16.3.2 for nonlinear least squares, FindFit, 22.1.4 for nonlinear regression, NonlinearRegress\[Bullet], 27.6.2 for partial differential equations, NDSolve, 24.3.1 for polynomial equations, NSolve, 2.3.2, 19.2.1 for products, NProduct, 17.3.3 for sums, NSum, 17.3.2 for transcendental equations, FindRoot, 2.3.2, 19.3.2 for unconstrained nonlinear programming, FindMinimum, 2.3.2, 20.1.1 monitoring, 11.3.2 precision of, 11.3.1 NumericalMath`Approximations`, 21.4.1, 22.2.1, 22.2.2 NumericalMath`BesselZeros`, 17.2.4, 19.3.3, 24.2.4 NumericalMath`Butcher`, 23.4.2 NumericalMath`CauchyPrincipalValue`, 17.1.3, 17.2.3 NumericalMath`ComputerArithmetic`, 11.2.3 NumericalMath`GaussianQuadrature`, 17.2.5 NumericalMath`InterpolateRoot`, 19.3.3 NumericalMath`IntervalRoots`, 19.3.3 NumericalMath`Microscope`, 11.2.3 NumericalMath`NewtonCotes`, 17.2.5 NumericalMath`NIntegrateInterpolatingFunct`, 17.2.6 NumericalMath`NLimit`, 16.1.4, 16.3.2, 17.3.2, 21.3.1 NumericalMath`NMinimize`, 20.2.3 NumericalMath`NResidue`, 16.2.1 NumericalMath`PolynomialFit`, 22.1.1 NumericalMath`SplineFit`, 21.3.1 NumericalMath`TrigFit`, 22.1.2 NumericQ, 12.3.5 NVariationalBound\[Bullet], 20.3.4 O Object\[Bullet], 7.3.2 Object-oriented programming, 15.0.2 Octahedron\[Bullet], 7.2.2 OddQ, 12.3.5 Off, 12.1.1, 14.2.1 Offset, 5.4.5, 5.4.6, 9.1.2 On, 12.1.1, 14.2.1 Open (menu command), 3.1.1 OpenAppend, 4.2.1 OpenAuthorTools palette, 3.4.1 OpenRead, 4.2.1 OpenWrite, 4.2.1 Optimization by classical methods, kktOptimize, 20.3.1 by constrained nonlinear programming, NMinimize, 20.2.3 by integer programming, NMinimize, 20.2.1, 20.2.3 by linear programming, Minimize, 20.2.1 by polynomial programming, Minimize, 20.2.2 by unconstrained nonlinear programming, FindMinimum, 20.1.1 Option Inspector, 1.4.2, 3.2.1, 3.2.2 Option Inspector (menu command), 3.1.1, 3.2.2 Optional, 15.3.3 OptionQ, 12.3.5, 19.3.4 Options comparison of, 6.1.1 conflicting, 5.1.2 defining, 14.3.4 filtering, FilterOptions\[Bullet], 14.3.4 for BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.1 for BarChart3D\[Bullet], 10.2.1 for ContourPlot, 8.2.1 for DensityPlot, 8.2.1 for FindFit, 22.1.4 for FindMinimum, 20.1.1 for FindRoot, 19.3.2 for FullSimplify, 12.2.1 for Graphics, 6.1.2 for Graphics3D, 8.1.1 for GraphicsArray, 6.1.2 for Grid, 13.1.3 for Integrate, 17.1.3 for ListContourPlot, 10.1.1 for ListDensityPlot, 10.1.1 for ListPlot, 9.1.1 for ListPlot3D, 10.1.1 for MiniMaxApproximation\[Bullet], 22.2.2 for MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 9.2.2 for NDSolve, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 for NIntegrate, 17.2.2 for NMinimize, 20.2.4 for NonlinearRegress\[Bullet], 27.6.2 for NSum, 17.3.2 for ParametricPlot, 6.1.2 for ParametricPlot3D, 8.1.1 for Plot, 6.1.2 for Plot3D, 8.1.1 for Regress\[Bullet], 27.6.1 for Simplify, 12.2.1 for TableForm, 13.1.2 for cell frames, 3.2.3 for cells, 3.2.3 for fonts, 3.2.3 for frame boxes, 3.2.3 for front end, 3.2.2 for legends, 6.6.3 for miscellaneous purposes, 3.2.3 for numerical routines, 11.3.1 for printing, 3.2.3 for text layout, 3.2.3 in packages, 14.3.4 information about, Options, 6.1.1 setting, SetOptions, 6.1.1 using, 6.1.1 Options, 6.1.1, 9.1.2 Or (||), 12.3.5 Ordering, 13.2.6, 20.1.3 Orthogonal polynomials, 12.4.2 Orthogonalization, GramSchmidt\[Bullet], 18.1.1 Orthogonalization package, 18.1.1 Oscillatory, 17.2.2 Oscillatory integrands, 17.2.4 Out, 1.2.2, 12.1.1 Outer, 13.2.7, 13.3.3, 16.1.3, 19.3.4, 20.1.2, 20.1.3, 22.2.1 Outer products, Outer, 18.1.1 Outliers, 9.4.3, 22.1.1 Output 1D, 3.3.1 2D, 3.3.1 editing, 1.5, 3.1.1 in TEX form, TeXForm, 4.3.2 in C form, CForm, 4.3.2 in Fortran form, FortranForm, 4.3.2 in input form, InputForm, 3.3.1 in internal form, FullForm, 12.2.3 in output form, OutputForm, 3.3.1 in shallow form, Shallow, 12.2.3 in short form, Short, 12.2.3 in standard form, StandardForm, 3.3.1 in traditional form, TraditionalForm, 3.3.1 suppressing graphics, DisplayFunction, 5.2.1 suppressing usual, ;, 2.2.1 OutputForm, 3.3.1, 5.4.6, 6.3.1 Overdetermined linear systems, 19.1.2 Overscripts, 3.3.3 ownAutocorrelation, 27.1.1 ownCorrelation, 27.1.2 ownMean, 27.1.1 ownVariance, 27.1.1 P p values, 27.5.1 Packages contexts in, 14.3.3 forgetting to load, 14.3.2 from notebooks, 14.3.3 loading, 4.1.1 loading automatically, 4.1.2 loading with Get (<<), 4.1.1 loading with Needs, 4.1.2 nonstandard, 4.1.3 of Mathematica, 1.1.2 problems with, 4.1.1, 4.1.2 writing, 14.3.3 PaddedForm, 11.1.2, 13.1.2 Pade package, 22.2.1 Pade\[Bullet], 22.2.1 PadLeft, 13.2.4 PadRight, 13.2.4 Page breaks, 3.1.1, 3.2.3 Page numbers, automatic references to, 3.4.4 PageBreakAbove, 3.1.1, 3.2.3 PageBreakBelow, 3.2.3 PageBreakWithin, 3.2.3 PageHeaderMargins, 3.2.3 PageWidth, 3.2.3 Painlev\[EAcute] transcendents, 23.3.1 PairwiseScatterPlot\[Bullet], 9.5.1 Palettes AlgebraicManipulation, 1.4.1 BasicCalculations, 1.4.1 BasicInput, 1.4.1 BasicTypesetting, 1.4.1, 3.4.2 CompleteCharacters, 1.4.1 evaluating, 3.1.3 nonstandard, 4.1.3 OpenAuthorTools, 3.4.1 pasting, 3.1.3 Palettes (menu command), 1.4.1, 3.1.3 Parabolic partial differential equations, 24.1.2, 24.2.1, 24.3.1 ParagraphIndent, 3.2.3 ParagraphSpacing, 3.2.3 ParameterConfidenceRegion\[Bullet], 27.6.1 Parametric 2D curves, ParametricPlot, 5.3.1 3D curves, ParametricPlot3D, 7.2.1 3D surfaces, ParametricPlot3D, 7.2.1 ParametricPlot, 5.3.1 options for, 6.1.2 ParametricPlot3D, 5.2.2, 7.1.3, 7.2.1, 8.1.7 options for, 8.1.1 ParametricPlot3D package, 7.2.1 Parentheses, 1.3 ParetoDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 ParetoPlot\[Bullet], 9.3.4 Part, 12.1.3, 13.2.1 Partial derivatives, D, 16.1.1 Partial differential equations complete integrals of, CompleteIntegral\[Bullet], 24.1.1 elliptic, 24.2.5, 24.2.6, 24.3.3 hyperbolic, 24.1.1, 24.1.2, 24.2.2, 24.2.3, 24.2.4, 24.3.1 parabolic, 24.1.2, 24.2.1, 24.3.1 quasilinear first-order, 24.1.1 solving by finite differences, 24.3.3 solving by Laplace transforms, 24.1.2 solving by method of lines, 24.3.2 solving by numerical methods, NDSolve, 24.3.1 solving by separation of variables, 24.2.1, 24.2.5 solving by series representations, 24.2.1 solving by symbolic methods, DSolve, 24.1.1 Partial fractions, Apart, 2.2.1, 12.3.1 Partition, 13.2.3, 18.2.3 Partitions, random, RandomKSetPartition\[Bullet], 26.1.1 Parts of expressions, Part, 12.1.3 of lists, Part, 13.2.1 replacing, ReplacePart, 13.2.4 Path context search, $ContextPath, 14.3.1 for files, $Path, 4.2.3 Pattern (:), 15.3.3 Patterns, 13.2.6, 14.1.1, 14.2.1, 15.0.2, 15.3.2 alternative, 15.3.3 default values in, 15.3.3 for a variable number of arguments, 15.3.3 in transformation rules, 15.3.4 repeated, 15.3.3 restricting with conditions, 15.3.2 restricting with heads, 15.3.2 restricting with tests, 15.3.2 searching with, Cases, etc., 13.2.5 PatternTest (?), 15.3.2 PDF, 4.2.2 PDF\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Pearl (1927), 22.1.4, 23.4.4, 25.3.2 PearsonSkewness1\[Bullet], 27.1.1 PearsonSkewness2\[Bullet], 27.1.1 PenaltyFunction, 20.2.4 PercentileBarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.2 Periodic functions, 14.1.3, 17.4.2 Periodic points, 25.2.3 PeriodicInterpolation, 21.2.1 Permutations all, Permutations, 13.2.2 random, RandomPermutation\[Bullet], 26.1.1 Permutations, 13.2.2 PerturbationScale, 20.2.4 Phase trajectories for data, 9.2.1 for solutions of difference equations, 25.1.2, 25.3.1 for solutions of differential equations, 23.1.3, 23.3.2, 23.3.3 Physical constants and units, 11.1.3 PhysicalConstants package, 11.1.3 Pi, 1.2.3, 11.1.3 PICT, 4.2.2 PICT with embedded Postscript, 4.2.2 Piecewise interpolation for data, ListInterpolation, 21.2.1 for functions, FunctionInterpolation, 21.4.2 for irregular 3D data, 21.2.2 Piecewise-defined functions, 14.1.2 PieChart\[Bullet], 9.3.5 PieExploded\[Bullet], 9.3.5 PieLabels\[Bullet], 9.3.5 PieLineStyle\[Bullet], 9.3.5 PieStyle\[Bullet], 9.3.5 Placeholder, 3.1.3 PlanarGraphPlot\[Bullet], 10.1.2 PlaneDistance\[Bullet], 7.3.2 Play, 5.1.3 Plot, 1.1.1, 1.2.3, 2.1.1, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 6.1.3 for several curves, 5.1.2 options for, 6.1.2 Plot add-ons in 2D graphics, 6.6.2 in 3D graphics, 8.1.5 Plot fonts in a piece of text, StyleForm, 6.3.2 in a plot, TextStyle, 6.3.1 in a session, $TextStyle, 6.3.1 Plot labels for axes, AxesLabel, 6.5.1, 8.1.4 for frames, FrameLabel, 6.5.3 for plots, PlotLabel, 6.6.1, 8.1.5 for ticks, Ticks, 6.5.2 Plot legends for BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.2 for ContourPlot, 8.2.2 for DensityPlot, 8.2.3 for MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 6.6.3, 9.2.2 for Plot, 6.6.3 with Epilog, 6.6.3 with Graphics, 9.2.1 with PlotLegend\[Bullet], 6.6.3 with ShowLegend\[Bullet], 6.6.3 Plot options for BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.1 for BarChart3D\[Bullet], 10.2.1 for ContourPlot, 8.2.1 for DensityPlot, 8.2.1 for Graphics, 6.1.2 for Graphics3D, 8.1.1 for GraphicsArray, 6.1.2 for ListContourPlot, 10.1.1 for ListDensityPlot, 10.1.1 for ListPlot, 9.1.1 for ListPlot3D, 10.1.1 for MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 9.2.2 for ParametricPlot, 6.1.2 for ParametricPlot3D, 8.1.1 for Plot, 6.1.2 for Plot3D, 8.1.1 for 2D graphics, 6.1.1 for 3D graphics, 8.1.1 for contour and density graphics, 8.2.1 Plot styles for axes, AxesStyle, 6.5.1, 8.1.4 for boxes, BoxStyle, 8.1.4 for curves, PlotStyle, 6.4.1 for data, PlotStyle, 9.1.1 for frames, FrameStyle, 6.5.3 for mesh lines, MeshStyle, 8.1.6 for ticks, Ticks, 6.5.2 Plot3D, 2.1.2, 7.1.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.7 options for, 8.1.1 PlotDivision, 6.1.2, 6.4.2 PlotField package, 5.3.4, 7.2.3, 23.1.1, 25.1.1, 25.1.2 PlotField3D package, 7.4.1 PlotFlag\[Bullet], 22.2.2 PlotGradientField\[Bullet], 7.2.3 PlotGradientField3D\[Bullet], 7.4.1 PlotHamiltonianField\[Bullet], 7.2.3 PlotJoined, 2.1.3, 9.1.1 PlotLabel, 6.1.2, 6.3.2, 6.6.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.5, 8.2.1 PlotLegend\[Bullet], 6.1.2, 6.6.3 PlotPoints, 4.4.1 in 2D graphics, 6.1.2, 6.4.2 in 3D graphics, 7.1.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.6 in contour and density graphics, 2.1.2, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 PlotPolyaField\[Bullet], 5.3.4 PlotRange in 2D graphics, 5.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.2.1 in 3D graphics, 7.1.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.2 in contour and density graphics, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 PlotRegion, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.2.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.2.1 Plots algorithm for 2D functions, 6.4.2 algorithm for 3D functions, 7.1.1 aligning, 5.1.3 animating, 5.1.3, 7.1.3, 7.3.1, 10.2.2, 24.2.1, 24.2.2, 24.2.3, 24.2.4 arranging irregularly, Rectangle, 5.2.2 arranging regularly, GraphicsArray, 2.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2.2 bitmap, 4.4.2 color directives for, 5.4.7 combining, Show, 5.1.2 converting between types of 3D, 7.1.1 converting to bitmap, 5.1.3 copying coordinates from, 5.1.3 cropping, 5.1.3 default size of, ImageSize, 5.1.3 exporting, Export, 4.2.2 fonts in, 6.3.1 formatting in, 6.3.1 graphics directives in, 5.4.1 graphics primitives in, 5.4.1 importing, Import, 4.2.2 legends in, 6.6.3 manipulating, 5.1.3 moving, 5.1.3 of badly conditioned functions, 11.2.3 options for, 6.1.1, 8.1.1 reading coordinates from, 5.1.3 rendering, 5.1.3 rendering in the front end, 6.3.2 resizing, 5.1.3 rotating 3D, 7.3.1 stacking, StackGraphics\[Bullet], 5.2.2 stereographic, 7.3.2, 7.4.1, 10.1.2, 10.2.2, 23.3.3 superimposing, Show, 2.1.1, 5.1.2 suppressing display of, DisplayFunction, 5.2.1 text additions to, Text, 5.4.6, 6.3.2 Plots, 2D for data, 9.1.1 bar charts for frequencies, Histogram\[Bullet], 9.3.4 bar charts with labels, BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.1 bar charts with positions, GeneralizedBarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.3 box-and-whisker plots, BoxWhiskerPlot\[Bullet], 9.4.3 circles, Graphics, 9.1.2 circles and joining lines, Graphics, 5.4.5, 9.1.2 circles and vertical lines, Graphics, 9.1.2 correlation plots, PairwiseScatterPlot\[Bullet], 9.5.1 dot plots, dotPlot, 9.4.1 error plots, ErrorListPlot\[Bullet], 9.1.3 filled plots, FilledListPlot\[Bullet], 9.1.3 joining lines, Graphics, 9.1.2 joining lines, ListPlot, 9.1.1 labeled plots, LabeledListPlot\[Bullet], 9.5.2 logarithmic plots, LogListPlot\[Bullet], 9.1.3 multiway dot plots, dotPlot, 9.4.2 pairwise scatter plots, PairwiseScatterPlot\[Bullet], 9.5.1 phase plots, Graphics, 9.2.1 pie charts, PieChart\[Bullet], 9.3.5 plots for several data sets, Graphics, 9.2.1 plots for several data sets, MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 9.2.2 points, Graphics, 9.1.2 points, ListPlot, 2.1.3, 9.1.1 points and joining lines, Graphics, 5.4.3, 9.1.2 points and joining lines, ListPlot, 9.1.1 points and vertical lines, Graphics, 9.1.2 points and vertical lines, ListPlot, 9.1.1 points and vertical lines, MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 9.2.2 quantile-quantile plots, QuantilePlot\[Bullet], 9.5.3 scatter plots, PairwiseScatterPlot\[Bullet], 9.5.1 vertical lines, Graphics, 9.1.2 Plots, 3D for data, 10.1.1 bar charts, BarChart3D\[Bullet], 10.2.1 contour plots for regular data, ListContourPlot, 10.1.1 density plots for regular data, ListDensityPlot, 10.1.1 scatter plots, ScatterPlot3D\[Bullet], 10.2.2 stereograms, 10.1.2, 10.2.2 surface plots for irregular data, TriangularSurfacePlot\[Bullet], 10.1.2 surface plots for regular data, ListPlot3D, 10.1.1 vertical lines for irregular data, 10.1.2 Plots for 2D functions, 5.1.1 complex inequality plots, ComplexInequalityPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.4 filled plots, FilledPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.3 implicit plots, ImplicitPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.2 inequality plots, InequalityPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.3 logarithmic plots, LogPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.5 parametric plots, ParametricPlot, 5.3.1 plots of complex-valued functions, 5.3.4 plots of one curve, Plot, 1.2.3, 2.1.1, 5.1.1 plots of several curves, Plot, 2.1.1, 5.1.2 polar plots, PolarPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.1 Plots for 3D functions, 7.1.1 contour plots, ContourPlot, 2.1.2, 7.1.1 contours on a surface, 7.2.2 cylindrical surfaces, CylindricalPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.2.1 density plots, DensityPlot, 7.1.1 gradient fields, PlotGradientField\[Bullet], 7.2.3 inequality plots, InequalityPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.2.2 parametric curves, ParametricPlot3D, 7.2.1 parametric surfaces, ParametricPlot3D, 7.2.1 projections, 7.2.2 rotations, animated, SpinShow\[Bullet], 7.3.1 rotations, real-time, 7.3.1 single-image stereograms, SIS\[Bullet], 7.3.2 spherical surfaces, SphericalPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.2.1 surface plots, Plot3D, 2.1.2, 7.1.1 surfaces of revolution, SurfaceOfRevolution\[Bullet], 7.2.2 two-image stereograms, 7.3.2, 23.3.3 Plots for 4D functions, 7.4.1 gradient fields, PlotGradientField3D\[Bullet], 7.4.1 simple methods, 7.4.1 stereograms, 7.4.1 surfaces of constant value, ContourPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.4.2 Plots for data, advanced examples of BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.1 BarChart3D\[Bullet], 10.2.1 Graphics, 9.2.1, 9.4.1, 25.1.3, 27.7.4 ListDensityPlot, 26.2.2 ListPlot, 25.2.2 MultipleListPlot\[Bullet], 9.2.2 ScatterPlot3D\[Bullet], 10.2.2 Plots for functions, advanced examples of ContourPlot, 8.2.1, 20.1.3 ContourPlot3D\[Bullet], 24.2.6 DensityPlot, 25.3.3 GraphicsArray, 6.1.3 ParametricPlot, 23.3.2 ParametricPlot3D, 7.1.3, 23.3.3 Plot, 1.1.1, 6.1.3, 6.6.2 Plot3D, 8.1.1 Plots for other purposes 3D shapes, 7.2.2 graph theoretical plots, 5.3.5 maps, WorldPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.5 plots of matrices, MatrixPlot\[Bullet], 18.2.1 regular polygons, 5.3.5 regular polyhedra, Polyhedron\[Bullet], 7.2.2 PlotStyle, 6.1.2, 6.4.1, 9.1.1, 9.2.2 PlotSymbol\[Bullet], 9.2.2 PlotVectorField\[Bullet], 7.2.3, 23.1.1, 25.1.1, 25.1.2 PlotVectorField3D\[Bullet], 7.4.1 Plus (+), 1.2.3 Pochhammer, 12.4.2 Point, 5.4.2, 5.4.3, 7.2.4 PointSize, 5.4.2, 5.4.3, 7.2.4 Poisson process, 26.2.3 PoissonDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.2 poissonProcess, 26.2.3 PolarDecomposition\[Bullet], 18.2.4 PolarPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.1 PolyGamma, 12.4.3 Polygon, 5.4.2, 5.4.5, 7.2.4 PolygonIntersections, 8.1.1 Polyhedra package, 7.2.2 Polyhedron\[Bullet], 7.2.2 PolyLog, 12.4.3 Polynomial equations, Solve, 19.2.1 fits, PolynomialFit\[Bullet], 22.1.1 inequalities, Reduce, 19.2.4 optimization, Minimize, 20.2.2 PolynomialFit package, 22.1.1 PolynomialFit\[Bullet], 22.1.1 PolynomialQ, 12.3.5 PolynomialQuotient, 12.3.2 PolynomialRemainder, 12.3.2 Polynomials interpolating, InterpolatingPolynomial, 21.1.1 manipulating, 12.3.2 orthogonal, 12.4.2 zeros of, Solve, 19.2.1 PolytopeQuantile\[Bullet], 27.1.2 PolytopeQuartiles\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Polytopes package, 5.3.5, 7.2.2 Position, 13.2.6, 15.3.5, 20.3.3, 26.2.2, 26.2.3 Positive, 12.3.5 Posterior density function, 27.7.1 PostProcess, 20.2.4 PostScript, 6.4.2 PostScript, 5.4.2 PostTests\[Bullet], 27.5.3 Powell's method, 20.1.1 Power (^), 1.2.3, 12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.4, 12.4.1 PowerExpand, 12.2.2 Powers complex, 12.3.4 expansion of, PowerExpand, 12.2.2 of matrices, MatrixPower, 18.2.2 Power (^), 12.2.1, 12.4.1 simplification of, PowerExpand, 12.2.2 precipitation data, 26.2.2 Precision calculating with high, 4.4.1, 11.1.2, 11.2.2 input of numbers with high, 11.2.2 of numerical routines, 4.4.1, 11.3.1 of real numbers, 11.2.1 Precision, 11.2.1 PrecisionGoal, 4.4.1, 11.3.1, 17.2.2, 19.3.2, 20.1.1, 20.2.4, 22.1.4, 23.4.1, 24.3.2, 27.6.2 Predator-prey models, 23.3.2, 25.3.1 predatorPreyPlot, 25.3.1 Predictions, 26.2.2 Preferences (menu command), 3.2.2 PreIncrement (++) , 15.1.2 Prepend, 4.4.1, 13.2.4 PrependTo, 4.4.1, 13.2.4 Prime, 11.1.1 PrimeQ, 1.1.1, 12.3.5 Primes, domain of, Primes, 12.2.1 Primes, 12.2.1 Primitives, graphics, 5.4.1, 6.6.2, 7.2.4 Principal roots, 12.3.4, 12.4.1 PrincipalComponents\[Bullet], 27.1.2 PrincipalValue, 17.1.3 Print (menu command), 3.1.1 Print, 15.1.2, 22.1.1, 26.2.3, 27.6.3 Print Selection (menu command), 3.1.1 Printer's points, 3.2.3, 4.2.2, 5.4.3, 5.4.5 PrintFlag\[Bullet], 22.2.2 Printing options, 3.2.3 Printing Settings (menu command), 3.1.1, 3.2.3 Printing Style Environment (menu command), 3.1.2 Printing units em, 3.2.3 printer's point, 3.2.3 x-height, 3.2.3 PrintingOptions, 3.2.3 PrintPrecision, 3.2.3, 11.1.2 Prior density function, 27.7.1 Probability density function, PDF\[Bullet], 26.1.2 distribution function, CDF\[Bullet], 26.1.2 distributions, 26.1.2 function, PDF\[Bullet], 26.1.2 generating function, 24.1.1, 26.1.3 graph paper, 26.1.5 Probability distributions continuous multivariate, 26.1.6 continuous univariate, 26.1.4 discrete multivariate, 26.1.6 discrete univariate, 26.1.2 random numbers from, Random\[Bullet], RandomArray\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Probability distributions, continuous beta, 26.1.4 bivariate normal, 26.1.6 Cauchy, 26.1.4 chi, 26.1.4 chi-square, 26.1.4 exponential, 26.1.4 extreme value, 26.1.4 F-ratio, 26.1.4 gamma, 26.1.4 half-normal, 26.1.4 Hotelling \!\(\*FormBox[ AdjustmentBox[\(T\^2\), BoxMargins->{{0.181818, -0.181818}, {0, 0}}], TraditionalForm]\), 26.1.6 Laplace, 26.1.4 logistic, 26.1.4 lognormal, 26.1.4 multinormal, 26.1.6 multivariate Student t, 26.1.6 noncentral F-ratio, 26.1.4 noncentral chi-square, 26.1.4 noncentral Student t, 26.1.4 normal, 26.1.4, 26.1.5 Pareto, 26.1.4 quadratic form, 26.1.6 Rayleigh, 26.1.4 Student t, 26.1.4 uniform, 26.1.1, 26.1.4 Weibull, 26.1.4 Wishart, 26.1.6 Probability distributions, discrete Bernoulli, 26.1.2 binomial, 26.1.2, 26.1.3 geometric, 26.1.2 hypergeometric, 26.1.2 logarithmic series, 26.1.2 multinomial, 26.1.6 multiple Poisson, 26.1.6 negative binomial, 26.1.2 negative multinomial, 26.1.6 Poisson, 26.1.2 uniform, 26.1.1, 26.1.2 probabilityCI, 27.4.2 probabilityTest, 27.5.2 Procedural programming, 15.1.1 Product, 17.3.3, 21.1.2 ProductLog, 12.4.3, 19.3.1 Products Cross (\[Cross]), 18.1.1 CrossProduct\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Dot (.), 18.2.2 DotProduct\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Inner, 13.3.3 InnerProduct\[Bullet], 18.1.1 of elements of lists, Apply, 13.3.2 of indexed expressions, Product, NProduct, 17.3.3 of matrices, Dot (.), 2.3.2, 18.2.2 of scalars, Times (*), 1.2.3, 1.3 of vectors, Dot (.), 2.3.2, 18.1.1 Outer, 18.1.1 ScalarTripleProduct\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Programming, 2.2.3 functional, 13.3.1, 13.3.2, 15.0.2, 15.2.1 object-oriented, 15.0.2 procedural, 15.0.2, 15.1.1 rule-based, 15.0.2, 15.3.1 Programming, examples of graphics cobwebPlot, 15.2.3, 25.1.3, 25.2.1 dataPlot, 9.1.2 dotPlot, 9.4.1 logisticPlot, 25.2.1 networkPlot, 5.4.5 predatorPreyPlot, 25.3.1 showError, 22.2.1 showFit, 22.1.1 showLocalRegress, 27.6.3 showLocalResiduals, 27.6.3 showResiduals, 22.1.1 sputnik, 7.1.3 trigPlot, 12.4.1 Programming, examples of numerical bifurcation, 25.2.2 brownianMotion, 26.2.1 coinTossing, 15.2.4 ctMarkovChain, 26.2.3 dataLSQ, 22.1.3 der, 15.1.1 derData1a, 16.1.4 derData1b, 16.1.4 derData2, 16.1.4 dfpMinimize, 20.1.3 dtMarkovChain, 26.2.2 ellipticFDM, 24.3.3 euler, 15.1.1 euler2, 15.2.2 functionLSQ, 22.2.1 gamblersRuin, 26.2.1 gaussianQuadrature, 17.2.5 gaussianQuadrature2, 17.2.5 gaussSeidel, 19.1.3 linearBVP, 23.4.3 localRegress, 27.6.3 lyapunovExponent, 25.2.4 mandelbrot, 25.3.3 matrixNorm, 18.2.2 methodOfLines, 24.3.2 metropolis, 27.7.5 newton, 15.1.1 newton2, 15.1.3 newton3, 15.2.2 newton4, 15.2.2 newton5, 15.2.3 newtonSolve, 19.3.4 newtonSolveSystem, 19.3.4 ownAutocorrelation, 27.1.1 ownCorrelation, 27.1.2 ownMean, 27.1.1 ownVariance, 27.1.1 poissonProcess, 26.2.3 probabilityCI, 27.4.2 probabilityTest, 27.5.2 randomWalk, 2.2.3, 15.2.2, 26.2.1 randomWalk2D, 15.2.2, 26.2.1 rungeKuttaSolve, 23.4.2 secantSolve, 19.3.4 stationaryDistribution, 26.2.2 steadyStateAverages, 26.2.3 stehfestILT, 17.4.1 trapez, 15.1.1 vectorNorm, 18.1.1 Programming, examples of symbolic charPoly, 2.2.3 der, 15.3.2 divergence, 16.1.3 gradient, 16.1.3 hessian, 16.1.3 jacobian, 16.1.3 kktOptimize, 20.3.3 lagrangeInterpolation, 21.1.2 laplacian, 16.1.3 newtonInterpolation, 21.1.2 ProgrammingInMathematica`Abs`, 12.4.2, 16.1.1, 17.1.1 Programs as packages, 14.3.3 C, CForm, 4.3.2 compiling, Compile, 14.2.2 efficient, 4.4.1 Fortran, FortranForm, 4.3.2 local constants in, With, 14.1.5 local variables in, Module, 14.1.5 tracing, Trace, 14.2.1 Project\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Projection\[Bullet], 18.1.1 Prolog, 6.1.2, 6.6.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.5, 8.2.1, 9.1.1 PseudoInverse, 18.2.2, 19.1.2 Pseudorandom numbers, 26.1.1, 26.1.2 Pure functions, 14.1.5 in Apply, 13.3.2 in FixedPoint, 15.2.3 in Fold, 15.2.4 in Map, 2.2.2, 13.3.1 in Nest, 15.2.2 in Select, 13.2.5, 15.3.5 Put (>>), 4.3.1 PutAppend (>>>), 4.3.1 Q q-q plots, QuantilePlot\[Bullet], 9.5.3 QRDecomposition, 18.2.4 QuadraticFormDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.6 Quadrature, 17.2.1 QuadratureType\[Bullet], 17.2.5 Quantile, 27.1.1 Quantile\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Quantile-quantile plots, QuantilePlot\[Bullet], 9.5.3 QuantilePlot\[Bullet], 9.5.3 Quantiles of multivariate data, EllipsoidQuantile\[Bullet], PolytopeQuantile\[Bullet], 27.1.2 of multivariate distributions, EllipsoidQuantile\[Bullet], 26.1.6 of univariate data, Quantile\[Bullet], 27.1.1 of univariate distributions, Quantile\[Bullet], 26.1.2 Quartics, 19.2.2, 19.2.3 QuartileDeviation\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Quartiles of multivariate data, EllipsoidQuartiles\[Bullet], PolytopeQuartiles\[Bullet], 27.1.2 of univariate data, Quartiles\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Quartiles\[Bullet], 27.1.1 QuartileSkewness\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Quasi-Newton method, 20.1.1 Quasilinear partial differential equations, 24.1.1 QuasiMonteCarlo, 17.2.2 QuasiNewton, 20.1.1, 22.1.4 Quaternions, 0.2 Queue process, 26.2.3 Quit, 1.2.1 Quit Kernel (menu command), 1.2.1, 4.4.2 R Radical equations, Solve, Reduce, 19.2.3 optimization, Minimize, 20.2.2 Random numbers, generation of, Random, RandomArray\[Bullet], 26.1.2 numbers, seeds for, SeedRandom, 26.1.1 numbers, uniformly distributed, Random, 26.1.1 partitions, RandomKSetPartition\[Bullet], 26.1.1 permutations, RandomPermutation\[Bullet], 26.1.1 processes, 26.2.1 subsets, RandomKSubset\[Bullet], 26.1.1 walk Metropolis method, 27.7.5 walks, 15.2.2, 26.2.1 Random, 26.1.1, 26.1.2 Random-dot stereograms, 7.3.2 RandomArray\[Bullet], 26.1.2 RandomKSetPartition\[Bullet], 26.1.1 RandomKSubset\[Bullet], 26.1.1 RandomPermutation\[Bullet], 15.2.4, 26.1.1 RandomSearch, 20.2.4 RandomSeed, 20.2.4 randomWalk, 15.2.2, 26.2.1 randomWalk2D, 15.2.2, 26.2.1 Range of characters, CharacterRange, 12.3.6 of numbers, Range, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 Range, 2.2.2, 13.1.1 RangeCounts\[Bullet], 9.3.4, 27.2.1 RangeLists\[Bullet], 27.2.1 Rank of matrices, MatrixRank, 18.2.2 Raster, 4.2.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.7 RasterArray, 5.4.2, 5.4.7 Rational expressions, 12.3.1 approximation of reals, Rationalize, 11.1.1 Chebyshev approximation, RationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 21.4.1, 22.2.1 interpolation, RationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 21.4.1 numbers, 11.1.1 numbers, domain of, Rationals, 12.2.1 RationalInterpolation\[Bullet], 21.4.1, 22.2.1 Rationalize, 11.1.1 Rationals, 12.2.1 RayleighDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 Re, 5.3.4, 11.1.1, 12.3.4 Read, 4.2.1 Reading data, Import, 4.2.1 graphics, Import, 4.2.2 interactive inputs, Input, 15.1.2 results, Get (<<), 4.3.1 ReadList, 4.2.1 Real numbers, 11.1.1, 11.1.2, 11.2.1 accuracy of, 11.2.1 arbitrary-precision, 11.2.2 domain of, Reals, 12.2.1 interval arithmetic of, Interval, 11.2.3 machine-precision, 11.2.2 precision of, 11.2.1 round-off errors of, 11.2.3 Real part, Re, 11.1.1 RealDigits, 11.1.1 RealOnly package, 5.3.4, 12.3.4, 12.4.1 Reals, 12.2.1 RealTime3D` context, 7.3.1, 10.2.2 Reap, 11.3.2, 15.1.2 Records, 15.2.4 Rectangle, 5.4.2 as graphics primitive, 5.4.5 in arranging graphics, 5.2.2 Recurrence relations, 25.1.1 Recursion relations, 2.2.2, 25.1.1 Recursive functions, 14.1.3, 15.1.1, 25.1.1 Reduce, 25.2.3, 25.3.1 for inequalities, 19.2.4 for polynomial equations, 19.2.2 for radical equations, 19.2.3 for transcendental equations, 19.3.1 ReferenceLineStyle\[Bullet], 9.5.3 Refine, 12.2.1 ReflectRatio, 20.2.4 RegionProbability\[Bullet], 26.1.6 Regress\[Bullet], 27.6.1, 27.6.3 Regression analysis linear, Regress\[Bullet], 27.6.1 local, localRegress, 27.6.3 nonlinear, NonlinearRegress\[Bullet], 27.6.2 nonparametric, 27.6.3 RegressionReport\[Bullet], 27.6.1, 27.6.2 RegressionReportValues\[Bullet], 27.6.1, 27.6.2 Regular polygons, RegularPolygon\[Bullet], 5.3.5 polyhedra, Polyhedron\[Bullet], 7.2.2 regularPolygon, 5.3.5 RegularPolygon\[Bullet], 5.3.5, 9.2.2 ReIm package, 12.3.4 Relative errors, 11.2.1 Relative frequencies, 15.2.4, 27.2.1 ReleaseHold, 14.1.3 Remainder in numerical division, Mod, 11.1.1 in polynomial division, PolynomialRemainder, 12.3.2 Remes's algorithm, 22.2.2 Remote kernel, 4.4.1, 4.4.2 Remove, 12.1.1 Remove Options (menu command), 3.2.2 Removing symbols, Remove, 12.1.1 values, =., Clear, 12.1.1 Render Graphics (menu command), 5.1.3 RenderAll, 8.1.1 Repeated (..), 15.3.3 RepeatedNull (...), 15.3.3 RepeatedSmoothing\[Bullet], 27.3.2 ReplaceAll (/.), 12.1.2, 15.3.4 ReplaceList, 15.3.4, 26.2.2 Replacements in all ways, ReplaceList, 15.3.4 of parts, ReplacePart, 13.2.4 once, ReplaceAll (/.), 12.1.2, 15.3.4 patterns in, 15.3.4 repeated, ReplaceRepeated (//.), 12.1.2, 15.3.4 ReplacePart, 13.2.4 ReplaceRepeated (//.), 12.1.2, 15.3.4 ResetDirectory, 4.2.3 Residuals, 22.1.1 Residue, 16.2.1 Resolution of graphics, ImageResolution, 4.2.2 Rest, 13.2.1 Restricting patterns with conditions, 14.1.2, 15.3.2 with heads, 15.3.2 with tests, 15.3.2 Restrictions for arguments, 15.3.2 Results referring to, 1.2.2, 12.1.1 saving and loading, 4.3.1 Return, 15.1.2, 20.1.3, 20.3.3 Return plots, 25.3.2 Reverse, 13.2.2 RevolutionAxis\[Bullet], 7.2.2 RGBColor, 5.4.2, 5.4.7, 7.2.4 Riccati difference equations, 25.1.4 Riemann zeta function, Zeta, 12.4.3 Robust descriptive statistics, 27.1.2 Rohatgi (1984), 27.5.3 RomanNumeral, 3.1.1 Root, 19.2.1, 19.2.2 RootIsolation package, 19.2.1 RootMeanSquare\[Bullet], 27.1.1 RootReduce, 19.2.2 Roots as fractional powers, Power, 12.4.1 as solutions of polynomial equations, Solve, 19.2.1 as solutions of transcendental equations, FindRoot, 19.3.2 complex, 12.3.4 principal, 12.3.4, 12.4.1 RootSum, 19.2.2 Rose and Smith (2002), 27.0.2 RotateLabel, 6.1.2, 6.5.3, 8.2.1 RotateLeft, 13.2.2 RotateLights\[Bullet], 7.3.1 RotateRight, 13.2.2 Rotation of 3D graphics, 7.3.1 of graphics in exporting, ImageRotated, 4.2.2 of vectors, 18.1.1 Rotations package, 18.1.1 Round, 11.1.1 Round-off errors, 11.2.2, 11.2.3, 11.3.1 RowAlignments, 3.2.3, 13.1.3 RowJoin\[Bullet], 27.2.2 RowLines, 13.1.3 RowMinHeight, 13.1.3 RowReduce, 18.2.2, 19.1.2 RowsEqual, 13.1.3 RowSpacings, 13.1.3 RSolve, 25.1.1 RSolve package, 16.2.2, 25.1.1 Rule (->), 12.1.2, 15.3.1 Rule-based programming, 15.3.1 RuleDelayed (:>), 15.3.1 RulerUnits, 3.2.3 Rules, 15.0.2, 15.3.1 applying in all possible ways, ReplaceList, 15.3.4 applying once, ReplaceAll (/.), 2.2.1, 12.1.2, 15.3.4 applying repeatedly, ReplaceRepeated (//.), 12.1.2, 15.3.4 dispatching, 15.3.1 downvalues, 15.3.1 global delayed, SetDelayed (:=), 15.3.1 global immediate, Set (=), 15.3.1 in programming, 15.3.1 local delayed, RuleDelayed (:>), 15.3.1 local immediate, Rule (->), 12.1.2, 15.3.1 names of, 12.1.2 patterns in, 15.3.4 upvalues, 15.3.1 Runge-Kutta methods, 23.4.1, 23.4.2, 24.3.2 rungeKuttaSolve, 23.4.2 Runs, Split, 13.2.3, 26.2.2 S Saddle points, 16.1.1, 20.3.1 Salmon, 5.3.2 Same expressions testing for with Equal (==), 2.3.2, 12.3.5 testing for with SameQ (===), 12.3.5, 15.2.3 testing for with random numbers, 26.1.1 SameQ (===), 12.3.5, 15.2.3 SameTest, 13.2.2, 15.2.3, 19.1.3, 19.3.4, 20.1.3, 26.2.1 SampleRange\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Sampling Gibbs, 27.7.4 in function interpolation, InterpolationPoints, 21.4.2 in integration, GaussPoints, 17.2.2 in optimization, SearchPoints, 20.2.4 in plotting, PlotPoints, 6.4.2, 7.1.2 Markov chain Monte Carlo, 27.7.5 Sandefur (1990), 25.0.2 Save (menu command), 3.1.1 Save, 4.3.1 Save As (menu command), 3.1.1 Save As Special (menu command), 3.1.1, 3.4.1 Save Selection As (menu command), 4.2.2 Saving memory, 4.4.2 notebooks, 3.1.1 plots, Put (>>), 4.3.1 results, Put (>>), 4.3.1 time, 4.4.1 Scalar product, Dot (.), 18.1.1, 18.2.2 ScalarTripleProduct\[Bullet], 16.1.3 Scale\[Bullet], 16.1.4, 16.3.2 Scaled, 5.4.6 ScaleFactor\[Bullet], 7.2.3, 7.4.1 ScaleFunction\[Bullet], 7.2.3, 7.4.1 ScaleMethod\[Bullet], 27.1.2 ScalingFactor, 20.2.4 Scan, 13.3.1 Scatter plots 2D, PairwiseScatterPlot\[Bullet], 9.5.1 3D, ScatterPlot3D\[Bullet], 10.2.2 ScatterPlot3D\[Bullet], 10.2.2 SchurDecomposition, 18.2.4 Scoping constructs, 14.1.5 with Block, 14.1.5 with Function, 14.1.5 with Module, 14.1.5 with With, 14.1.5 Screen Style Environment (menu command), 3.1.2 ScriptMinSize, 3.2.3, 3.3.1, 3.4.2 ScriptSizeMultipliers, 3.2.3, 3.3.1, 3.4.2 Search path for contexts, $ContextPath, 14.3.1 for files, $Path, 4.2.3 Searching elements, Select, etc., 13.2.5, 15.3.5 positions, Position, 13.2.6, 15.3.5 SearchPoints, 20.2.4 Sec, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 Secant method, 19.3.2, 19.3.4 secantSolve, 19.3.4 secantSolve2, 19.3.4 Sech, 12.4.1 Sections, automatic numbering of, 3.4.4 SeedRandom, 26.1.1 Select, 1.1.1, 11.1.3, 13.2.5, 14.1.5, 14.2.3, 15.3.5, 20.3.3, 27.7.1 Selection placeholder, 3.1.3 Sensitivity to initial conditions, 23.3.3, 25.2.1 to numerical inaccuracies, 23.3.3, 25.2.1 Separation of variables, 24.2.1, 24.2.5 Sequence, 6.1.1, 6.1.3, 6.6.3 SequenceForm, 6.6.1 SequenceLimit\[Bullet], 16.3.2, 17.3.2 Series, 2.3.1, 16.2.1 Series expansions, Series, 2.3.1, 16.2.1 Series solutions to differential equations, 16.2.3, 23.2.2 to partial differential equations, 24.2.1 SeriesCoefficient, 16.2.2 SeriesTerm\[Bullet], 16.2.2 SessionTime, 4.4.1 Set (=), 1.2.2, 12.1.1, 15.3.1 Set operations, 13.2.7 SetAttributes, 14.2.3, 16.1.2 SetCoordinates\[Bullet], 16.1.3 SetDelayed (:=), 14.1.1, 15.3.1 SetDirectory, 4.2.3 SetOptions, 6.1.1 SetPrecision, 11.2.2, 11.2.3, 15.1.1 Shading, 8.1.1, 8.1.7 Shadow\[Bullet], 7.2.2 ShadowBackground\[Bullet], 6.6.3 Shadowing of names, 14.3.2 ShadowPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Shallow, 12.2.3 Shape statistics, 27.1.1, 27.1.2 ShapeReport\[Bullet], 27.1.1 Shapes package, 7.2.2 Share, 4.4.2 Shaw and Tigg (1994), 1.3, 22.1.1 Short, 2.2.1, 12.2.3 ShortestPath\[Bullet], 20.0.2 Show in arranging plots irregularly, 5.2.2 in arranging plots regularly, 2.1.1, 5.2.2 in changing options, 6.1.1 in showing graphics, 5.4.1, 7.2.4 in superimposing plots, 2.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2.1, 7.1.1 options for, 6.1.1 Show Expression (menu command), 3.1.1, 3.2.1 Show In/Out Names (menu command), 1.2.1 Show Memory Usage (menu command), 4.4.2 Show Page Breaks (menu command), 3.1.1 Show Toolbar (menu command), 3.1.2 showBrownianMotion, 26.2.1 showConfidenceIntervals, 27.4.1 showctMarkovChain, 26.2.3 showdtMarkovChain, 26.2.2 showError, 22.2.1 showFit, 22.1.1 showGamblersRuin, 26.2.1 showIterations, 20.1.3 ShowLegend\[Bullet], 6.6.3, 8.2.2, 9.3.2 showLocalRegress, 27.6.3 showLocalResiduals, 27.6.3 showPoissonProcess, 26.2.3 ShowProgress\[Bullet], 27.6.2 showPValues, 27.5.1 showRandomWalk, 26.2.1 showRandomWalk2D, 26.2.1 showResiduals, 22.1.1 ShowTime package, 4.4.1 ShrinkRatio, 20.2.4 SI\[Bullet], 11.1.3 Sign, 12.3.4, 12.4.2 SignificanceLevel\[Bullet], 27.5.1 Significant digits, 11.2.1, 11.2.2 SignPadding, 13.1.2 Simplex algorithm, 20.0.2 SimplexMedian\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Simplify, 2.2.1, 12.2.1 Simplifying expressions, Simplify, 2.2.1, 12.2.1 special functions, FullSimplify, 2.2.1, 12.2.1 Simulated illumination, 8.1.7 SimulatedAnnealing, 20.2.4 Simulating stochastic processes, 26.2.1 Simultaneous difference equations, RSolve, 25.1.2 differential equations, DSolve, NDSolve, 23.1.3, 23.3.2, 23.3.3 linear equations, Solve, LinearSolve, 19.1.1 partial differential equations, NDSolve, 24.3.1 polynomial equations, Solve, NSolve, 19.2.1 transcendental equations, FindRoot, 19.3.2 Sin, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 Single-image stereograms, 7.3.2 SinglePredictionCITable\[Bullet], 27.6.1 Singular value decomposition, 18.2.4 Singular values, 18.2.2 Singularities with NDSolve, 23.4.1 with NIntegrate, 17.2.1, 17.2.2, 17.2.3 with Plot, 5.2.1 with Series, 16.2.1 SingularityDepth, 17.2.2 SingularValueDecomposition, 18.2.4 SingularValueList, 18.2.2 Sinh, 12.4.1 SinIntegral, 12.4.3 SIS\[Bullet], 7.3.2 Size of Mathematica, 1.1.2 of expressions, ByteCount, 4.4.2 of fonts, FontSize, 6.3.1 of graphics, 5.1.3 of graphics, ImageSize, 4.2.2, 5.1.3, 5.2.2, 6.2.1 of points, PointSize, 5.4.3 Skeel and Keiper (1993), 0.0 Skewness\[Bullet], 26.1.2, 27.1.1 Skip, 4.2.1 Slot (#), 14.1.5 SlotSequence (##), 14.1.5 Smith and Blachman (1995), 5.0.2 Smoothing, 27.3.1 with a kernel, ListCorrelate, 27.3.1 with discrete Fourier transform, Fourier, 27.3.2 with exponential smoothing, ExponentialSmoothing\[Bullet], 27.3.2 with linear filters, LinearFilter\[Bullet], 27.3.2 with local regression, 27.3.2 with moving averages, MovingAverage\[Bullet], 27.3.2 with moving medians, MovingMedian\[Bullet], 27.3.2 SolidBarEdges\[Bullet], 10.2.1 SolidBarEdgeStyle\[Bullet], 10.2.1 SolidBarStyle\[Bullet], 10.2.1 Solve, 24.3.3 for linear equations, 2.3.2, 19.1.1 for polynomial equations, 2.3.2, 19.2.1, 19.2.2 for radical equations, 19.2.3 for transcendental equations, 19.3.1 SolveAlways, 19.2.2, 23.2.4 SolveDelayed, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 Solving difference equations, RSolve, 25.1.1 differential equations, DSolve, NDSolve, 23.1.1 integral equations, 23.2.4 linear equations, Solve, LinearSolve, 19.1.1 partial differential equations, DSolve, NDSolve, 24.1.1 polynomial equations, Solve, NSolve, Reduce, 19.2.1 poynomial inequalities, Reduce, 19.2.4 radical equations, Solve, NSolve, Reduce, 19.2.3 transcendental equations, Solve, FindRoot, 19.3.1, 19.3.2 Sort, 2.2.2, 12.3.6, 13.2.2, 27.4.1 Sorting according to a given criterion, 13.2.2, 27.4.1 with Sort, 2.2.2, 13.2.2 with Union, 13.2.2 Sound, Play, 5.1.3 Sow, 11.3.2, 15.1.2 Spacings above headers, PageHeaderMargins, 3.2.3 around boxes, BoxMargins, 3.2.3 around cells, CellMargins, 3.2.3 between a cell frame and the labels, CellFrameLabelMargins, 3.2.3 between lines, LineSpacing, 3.2.3 between paragraphs, ParagraphSpacing, 3.2.3 between tabs, TabSpacings, 3.2.3 in graphics arrays, GraphicsSpacing, 5.2.2 in grid boxes, RowSpacings, etc., 13.1.3 in tables, TableSpacing, 13.1.2 inside cell frames, CellFrameMargins, 3.2.3 Sparse arrays, 18.2.1 Sparse linear systems, Solve, 19.1.1 SparseArray, 18.2.1 SpatialMedian\[Bullet], 27.1.2 SpearmanRankCorrelation\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Special characters, 1.4.1, 3.3.2 Special functions, 12.4.3 expansion of, FunctionExpand, 12.2.2 simplification of, FullSimplify, 12.2.1 SpecialFunctions\[Bullet], 16.2.2 Spectrums, 17.4.3 Speeding up calculations, 4.4.1, 15.2.1 functions, Compile, 14.2.2 Spelling checking, 1.5, 3.1.1 errors, 3.1.1, 12.1.1 Spelling Language (menu command), 3.1.1 SpellingOptions, 3.1.1, 3.2.3 Sphere\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Spherical\[Bullet], 16.1.3 SphericalPlot3D\[Bullet], 7.2.1 SphericalRegion, 8.1.1, 8.1.2 Spiegel (1963), 17.1.2, 17.1.3 Spiegel (1971), 25.0.2 Spiegel (1999), 17.1.3, 17.4.1, 24.1.2, 26.1.1 SpinDistance\[Bullet], 7.3.1 SpinOrigin\[Bullet], 7.3.1 SpinRange\[Bullet], 7.3.1 SpinShow\[Bullet], 7.3.1, 8.1.2, 10.2.2 SpinTilt\[Bullet], 7.3.1 Splice, 4.3.2 Spline package, 5.4.2 Spline\[Bullet], 5.4.2, 5.4.4 SplineDivision\[Bullet], 5.4.4 SplineDots\[Bullet], 5.4.4 SplineFit package, 21.3.1 SplineFit\[Bullet], 21.3.1 SplineFunction\[Bullet], 21.3.1 SplinePoints\[Bullet], 5.4.4 Splines in graphics, Spline\[Bullet], 5.4.4 in interpolation, SplineFit\[Bullet], 21.3.1 Split, 13.2.3, 26.2.2 sputnik, 7.1.3 Sqrt, 1.2.3, 12.2.1, 12.4.1 Square brackets, 1.3 Square roots, Sqrt, 1.2.3, 3.3.3, 12.2.1, 15.3.4 StackedBarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.2 StackGraphics\[Bullet], 5.2.2 StandardDeviation, 2.2.2, 27.1.1 StandardDeviation\[Bullet], 26.1.2, 27.1.1 StandardDeviationMLE\[Bullet], 27.1.1 StandardErrorOfSampleMean\[Bullet], 27.1.1 StandardForm, 3.3.1, 6.3.1 Standardize\[Bullet], 27.1.1, 27.1.2 Star\[Bullet], 9.2.2 Start Kernel (menu command), 1.2.1 Start New Cell Below (menu command), 3.1.2 StartingStepSize, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 StartupSound, 3.2.3 stationaryDistribution, 26.2.2 Statistics association, 27.1.2 descriptive, 2.2.2 dispersion, multivariate, 27.1.2 dispersion, univariate, 27.1.1 location, multivariate, 27.1.2 location, univariate, 27.1.1 multivariate descriptive, 27.1.2 shape, multivariate, 27.1.2 shape, univariate, 27.1.1 univariate descriptive, 27.1.1 Statistics`ANOVA`, 27.5.3 Statistics`ConfidenceIntervals`, 27.4.1 Statistics`ContinuousDistributions`, 26.1.4 Statistics`DataManipulation`, 27.2.1, 9.3.4 Statistics`DataSmoothing`, 27.3.2 Statistics`DescriptiveStatistics`, 27.1.1 Statistics`DiscreteDistributions`, 26.1.2 Statistics`HypothesisTests`, 27.5.1 Statistics`LinearRegression`, 27.6.1 Statistics`MultiDescriptiveStatistics`, 5.4.2, 5.4.5, 27.1.2 Statistics`MultiDiscreteDistributions`, 26.1.6 Statistics`MultinormalDistribution`, 26.1.6 Statistics`NonlinearFit`, 22.1.4, 27.6.2 Statistics`NormalDistribution`, 26.1.4 StatisticsPlots package, 9.3.4, 9.4.3, 9.5.1, 9.5.3 Statistics`StatisticsPlots`, 9.3.4, 9.4.3, 9.5.1, 9.5.3 steadyStateAverages, 26.2.3 stehfestILT, 17.4.1 Stem\[Bullet], 9.2.2 Step function, UnitStep, 12.4.2 StepMonitor, 11.3.2, 19.3.2, 20.1.1, 20.2.4, 22.1.4, 23.4.1, 24.3.2 Stereograms single-image, SIS\[Bullet], 7.3.2 two-image, 7.3.2, 7.4.1, 10.1.2, 10.2.2, 23.3.3 Stiff differential equations, 23.4.1 StirlingS1, 12.4.2 StirlingS2, 12.4.2 Stochastic processes, 26.2.1 birth-death process, 24.1.1, 26.2.3 Brownian motion, brownianMotion, 26.2.1 coin tossing, coinTossing, 15.2.4 continuous-time Markov chain, ctMarkovChain, 26.2.3 discrete-time Markov chain, dtMarkovChain, 26.2.2 gambler's ruin, gamblersRuin, 26.2.1 M/M/1 queue, 26.2.3 Poisson process, poissonProcess, 26.2.3 random walk, 1D, randomWalk, 15.2.2, 26.2.1 random walk, 2D, randomWalk2D, 15.2.2, 26.2.1 Wiener process, 26.2.1 Stopping criteria, SameTest, 15.2.3 StoppingTest, 23.4.1 StringForm, 6.6.1 StringJoin (<>), 12.3.6 StringLength, 12.3.6 StringQ, 12.3.5 Strings manipulating of, 12.3.6 reading and writing, 4.2.1 StudentNewmanKeuls\[Bullet], 27.5.3 StudentTCI\[Bullet], 27.4.1 StudentTDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 StudentTPValue\[Bullet], 27.5.1 Style (menu command), 3.1.2 Style environments, 3.1.2 Style Sheet (menu command), 3.1.2, 3.2.4 Style sheets, 1.4.2, 3.1.2, 3.4.1 creating new, 3.2.4 editing, 3.2.4 private, 3.2.4 shared, 3.2.4 Style Sheets, nonstandard, 4.1.3 StyleForm, 6.1.3, 6.3.2, 13.1.3, 26.2.2 Styles for cells, 3.1.2 for curves in graphics, PlotStyle, 6.4.1 for notebooks, 3.1.2 for outputs, 3.3.1 for text in graphics, TextStyle, 6.3.1 Subfactorial\[Bullet], 12.4.2 Sublists generation of, Partition, 13.2.3 removal of, Flatten, 13.2.3 Subscript, 13.1.4 Subscripts, 3.3.3, 13.1.4 Subsessions, 4.4.1 Substitution, ReplaceAll (/.), 12.1.2 Subtract (-), 1.2.3 Sufficient conditions for optimum points, 20.1.2 Sum, 2.3.1, 15.1.1, 17.3.1, 17.4.1, 21.1.2 SummaryReport\[Bullet], 27.6.1, 27.6.2 Sums numerical, NSum, 17.3.2 of elements of lists, Apply, 13.3.2 of elements of lists, Total, 18.1.1, 18.2.2 symbolic, Sum, 2.3.1, 17.3.1 Superimposing graphics, Show, 5.1.2 Superscripts, 3.3.3 Suppressing display of expressions, ;, 2.2.1 of graphics, DisplayFunction, 5.2.1 Surface plots, 7.1.1, 10.1.1 SurfaceColor, 7.2.4, 8.1.7 SurfaceGraphics, 7.1.1 SurfaceOfRevolution package, 7.2.2 SurfaceOfRevolution\[Bullet], 7.2.2 Surfaces of constant value, 7.4.2 Switch, 15.1.2, 18.2.1 Symbolic methods for derivatives, D, 2.3.1 for difference equations, RSolve, 25.1.1 for differential equations, DSolve, 2.3.4, 23.1.1 for equations, Solve, 2.3.2, 19.1.1, 19.2.1, 19.3.1 for integrals, Integrate, 2.3.1, 17.1.1 for limits, Limit, 2.3.1, 16.3.1 for partial differential equations, DSolve, 24.1.1 for sums, Sum, 2.3.1, 17.3.1 for Taylor series, Series, 2.3.1, 16.2.1 Symbolizing subscripted variables, 13.1.4 SymbolLabel\[Bullet], 9.2.2 Symbols, 3.3.2 SymbolShape\[Bullet], 9.2.2, 9.5.3 SymbolStyle\[Bullet], 9.2.2, 9.5.3 SymplecticPartitionedRungeKutta, 23.4.1 Syntax errors, 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.3 System` context, 14.3.1 T t distribution, 26.1.4 TabFilling, 3.2.3 Table, 1.1.1, 2.2.2, 4.2.1, 9.4.1, 13.1.1, 15.1.1, 18.1.1, 18.2.1, 19.1.3, 24.3.2, 24.3.3, 25.2.2 Table of contents, automatic creation of, 3.4.1 TableAlignments, 13.1.2 TableDepth, 13.1.2 TableDirections, 13.1.2 TableForm, 2.2.2, 13.1.2, 13.1.3, 26.1.2 TableHeadings, 13.1.2 Tables creating, Table, 13.1.1 formatting of, Grid, 13.1.3 formatting of, TableForm, 2.2.2, 13.1.2 TableSpacing, 13.1.2 Tabs (\t), 12.3.6 TabSpacings, 3.2.3 TagSet (/:), 15.3.1 TagSetDelayed, 15.3.1 Take, 13.2.1, 16.1.4, 18.2.3 TakeColumns\[Bullet], 18.2.3, 27.2.2 TakeMatrix\[Bullet], 27.2.2 TakeRows\[Bullet], 27.2.2 TakeWhile\[Bullet], 27.2.2 Tan, 1.2.3, 12.4.1 Tangent lines, 16.1.1, 16.1.2 Tanh, 12.4.1 TargetFunctions, 12.3.4 Taylor polynomials, Normal, 16.2.1 Taylor series coefficients of, SeriesCoefficient, 16.2.2 expansion in, Series, 2.3.1, 16.2.1 inversion of, InverseSeries, 16.2.1 truncation of, Normal, 16.2.1 Templates, 1.4.3 TensorQ, 12.3.5 Tensors, 14.2.2, 18.2.1 Terms\[Bullet], 16.1.4, 16.3.2 Testing equality, ==, ===, 12.3.5, 26.1.1 for convergence, SameTest, 15.2.3 hypotheses, 27.5.1 in pattern matching, 15.3.2 in programming, If, Switch, Which, 15.1.2 properties of expressions, 12.3.5 Tetrahedron\[Bullet], 7.2.2 TeX, 3.4.1, 4.2.2, 4.3.2 TeXForm, 4.3.2 TeXSave, 4.3.2 Text as a string, 12.3.6 in graphics, 6.3.1 options for, 6.3.1 primitives in graphics, Text, 5.4.6 rotated, 5.4.6 Text, 4.2.1, 5.4.2, 5.4.5, 5.4.6, 6.1.3, 6.3.2, 6.6.2, 7.2.4, 9.3.1 Text Alignment (menu command), 3.4.2 Text-based interface, 1.1.2 TextAlignment, 3.2.3 TextJustification, 3.2.3 TextListPlot\[Bullet], 9.5.2 TextStyle, 6.1.2, 6.3.1, 8.1.1, 8.2.1 Thickness, 5.4.2, 5.4.4, 7.2.4 Thread, 12.1.2, 13.3.3, 19.1.3, 19.3.4, 20.3.3, 23.4.2, 26.2.2 Three-dimensional graphics for data, ListPlot3D, etc., 10.1.1 for functions, Plot3D, etc., 7.1.1 options for, 8.1.1 primitives, 7.2.4, 8.1.5 Throw, 15.1.2 Ticks for BarChart\[Bullet], 9.3.1 for BarChart3D\[Bullet], 10.2.1 for ContourPlot, 8.2.2 for DensityPlot, 8.2.3 for Graphics, 6.5.2 for Graphics3D, 8.1.4 for ListContourPlot, 10.1.1 for ListDensityPlot, 10.1.1 for ListPlot3D, 10.1.1 for ParametricPlot, 6.5.2 for ParametricPlot3D, 8.1.4 for Plot, 6.5.2 for Plot3D, 8.1.4 for frames, FrameTicks, 6.5.3 Ticks in 2D graphics, 6.1.2, 6.5.2 in 3D graphics, 7.1.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.4 in contour and density graphics, 8.2.1, 8.2.2 TIFF, 4.2.2 Time consumption, 4.4.1 Time series, 25.2.4, 27.0.2, 27.1.1 TimeConstrained, 4.4.1 TimeConstraint, 12.2.1 Times (*), 1.2.3 TimeUsed, 4.4.1 Timing, 4.4.1 ToExpression, 12.1.1 Together, 12.3.1 Tolerance, 20.2.4, 27.6.1, 27.6.2 ToRules, 17.1.2 Torus\[Bullet], 7.2.2 ToString, 26.1.2 Total derivatives, Dt, 16.1.2 differentials, Dt, 16.1.2 Total, 2.2.2, 18.1.1, 18.2.2 TotalVariation\[Bullet], 27.1.2 Tr, 18.2.2 Trace, 14.2.1 Trace of matrix, Tr, 18.2.2 TraceDepth, 14.2.1 TraditionalForm, 3.3.1, 6.3.1 Trajectories, 23.1.1 Transcendental equations, Solve, FindRoot, 19.3.1 Transcendental functions, 12.4.1 Transformation rules, Rule (->), 12.1.2 applying, ReplaceAll (/.), 12.1.2 patterns in, 15.3.4 TransformationFunctions, 12.2.1 Transforms discrete Fourier, Fourier, 17.4.3, 27.3.2 Fourier, FourierTransform, 17.4.2 Laplace, LaplaceTransform, 17.4.1 logarithmic, 22.1.3, 25.1.4 Z, ZTransform, 17.4.4 Transition probabilities, 26.2.2 Transportation problem, 20.2.1 Transpose, 13.1.1, 13.2.2, 18.2.2 trapez, 15.1.1 Trapezoidal, 17.2.2 Trapezoidal rule, 15.1.1, 17.2.5 TravelingSalesman\[Bullet], 20.0.2 Triangle\[Bullet], 9.2.2 Triangular matrices, 18.2.1 TriangularSurfacePlot\[Bullet], 10.1.2, 21.2.2 Tridiagonal equations, TridiagonalSolve\[Bullet], 19.1.2 matrices, 18.2.1 Tridiagonal package, 19.1.2 TridiagonalSolve\[Bullet], 19.1.2 Trig, 12.2.1 TrigExpand, 12.3.3 TrigFactor, 12.3.3 TrigFit package, 22.1.2 TrigFit\[Bullet], 22.1.2 Trigonometric expressions, 12.2.1, 12.3.3 fits, TrigFit\[Bullet], 22.1.2 functions, 12.4.1 Trigonometric functions, 1.2.3 trigPlot, 12.4.1 TrigReduce, 12.3.3 TrigToExp, 12.3.3 TrimmedMean\[Bullet], 27.1.1 True, 6.1.1 Truncation of numbers to integers, IntegerPart, 11.1.1 of series expansions, Normal, 16.2.1 of small numbers to zero, Chop, 11.1.1 Truncation errors, 11.3.1 Tukey\[Bullet], 27.5.3 Two-dimensional graphics for data, ListPlot, etc., 9.1.1 for functions, Plot, etc., 5.1.1 options for, 6.1.1 primitives, 5.4.1 Two-dimensional inputs and outputs, 3.3.1 Two-image stereograms, 7.3.2, 7.4.1, 10.1.2, 10.2.2, 23.3.3 TwoSided\[Bullet], 27.5.1 Type I and II errors in statistical tests, 27.5.1 Types of arguments, 15.3.2, 15.3.3 of arguments in compiling, 14.2.2 of expressions in compiling, 14.2.2 of numbers, 11.1.1 U Underdetermined linear systems, 19.1.2 Underscore, Blank (_), 14.1.1 Underscripts, 3.3.3 Undetermined coefficients, 19.2.2 Unequal (!=), 12.3.5 Unevaluated arguments, HoldAll, 14.2.3 Uniform random numbers, 26.1.1 UniformDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 Union, 13.2.2, 13.2.7 Units, 11.1.3 Units package, 11.1.3 UnitStep, 12.4.2, 14.1.2, 23.2.1, 23.3.1 UnsameQ (=!=), 12.3.5 Unset (=.), 1.2.2, 12.1.1 UpperDiagonalMatrix\[Bullet], 18.2.1 UpSet (^=), 15.3.1 UpSetDelayed (^:=), 15.3.1 Upvalues, 15.3.1 Usage messages, 14.3.3 User-defined functions, 14.1.1 Utilities`BinaryFiles`, 4.2.1 Utilities`FilterOptions`, 9.1.2, 14.3.4 Utilities`MemoryConserve`, 4.4.2 Utilities`ShowTime`, 4.4.1 V ValueBox, 3.1.1 Values of variables asking for, 12.1.1 assigning, =, 12.1.1 clearing, =., Clear, 12.1.1 Vandermonde matrices, 18.2.1 Variable-precision arithmetic, 11.2.2 Variables asking values of, 1.2.2, 12.1.1 assigning values for, Set (=), 1.2.2, 12.1.1 clearing values of, Unset (=.), 1.2.2, 12.1.1 in compiled functions, 14.2.2 in functions, 14.1.1 in pure functions, 14.1.5 in rational expressions, Variables, 12.3.1 indexed, 13.1.4 local, Module, 2.2.3, 14.1.5 removing, Remove, 12.1.1 subscripts of, 13.1.4 tracing, Trace, 14.2.1 Variables, 12.3.1, 12.3.2 Variance, 2.2.2, 27.1.1 Variance\[Bullet], 26.1.2 VarianceCI\[Bullet], 27.4.2 VarianceMLE\[Bullet], 27.1.1 VarianceOfSampleMean\[Bullet], 27.1.1 VarianceRatioCI\[Bullet], 27.4.2 VarianceRatioTest\[Bullet], 27.5.2 VariationalBound\[Bullet], 20.3.4 VariationalD\[Bullet], 20.3.4 VariationalMethods package, 20.3.4 Vector analysis, 16.1.3 Vector fields for 3D functions, PlotVectorField\[Bullet], 7.2.3 for 4D functions, PlotVectorField3D\[Bullet], 7.4.1 VectorAnalysis package, 16.1.3 VectorHeads\[Bullet], 7.4.1 vectorNorm, 18.1.1 VectorQ, 12.3.5 Vectors, 2.3.2, 18.1.1 norms of, Norm, 18.1.1 orthogonalization of, GramSchmidt\[Bullet], 18.1.1 products of, 18.1.1 VerifyConvergence, 17.3.2 VerifySolutions, 19.2.2, 19.2.3 ViewCenter, 8.1.1, 8.1.3 ViewPoint, 7.1.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.3 ViewVertical, 8.1.1, 8.1.3 visdata data, 9.3.1 Volterra integral equation, 23.2.4 Voronoi diagrams, 5.3.5 W Wagner (1995), 20.0.2 Wagner (1996), 4.4.1, 15.0.2 Warning messages, 1.4.2, 12.1.1 Wave equation, 24.1.1, 24.1.2, 24.2.2, 24.2.3, 24.2.4, 24.3.1 webMathematica, 0.2 WeibullDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.4 Weights\[Bullet], 27.6.1, 27.6.2 Which, 14.1.2, 15.1.2, 18.1.1, 18.2.1, 18.2.2, 27.5.2 While, 15.1.2, 25.3.3 Wickham-Jones (1994), 5.0.2, 5.3.5, 7.2.2, 8.2.2, 10.1.2, 21.2.2, 25.3.3 Wiener process, 26.2.1 WishartDistribution\[Bullet], 26.1.6 With, 14.1.5, 15.1.1, 25.3.1 WMF, 4.2.2 Wolfram (2002), 25.3.3 Wolfram (2003), 0.2, 0.5, 1.4.2, 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.3.3, 5.4.4, 12.3.2, 12.3.6, 12.4.1, 12.4.2, 12.4.3, 14.2.1, 14.2.3, 15.3.1, 18.2.1 Wolfram Research, 1.4.3 Wolfram Research (2003), 0.2, 0.5 Wolfram's method, 26.1.1 Words, 4.2.1 WorkingPrecision, 4.4.1, 11.3.1, 16.1.4, 16.3.2, 17.2.2, 17.3.2, 19.3.2, 20.1.1, 20.2.4, 22.1.4, 22.2.2, 23.4.1, 24.3.2, 27.6.2 WorldPlot package, 5.3.5 WorldPlot\[Bullet], 5.3.5 Write, 4.2.1 Writing data to files, Export, 4.2.1 graphics to files, Export, 4.2.2 mathematical documents, 3.4.1 results, Print, 15.1.2 results to files, Put (>>), 4.3.1 WWW, 4.3.2 WynnDegree, 16.3.2 X x-height, 3.2.3, 13.1.3 XML, 0.2 Xor, 12.3.5 XSpacing\[Bullet], 10.2.1 Y yeast data, 22.1.4, 23.4.4, 25.3.2 YIQColor\[Bullet], 5.4.7 YSpacing\[Bullet], 10.2.1 Z ZeroMatrix\[Bullet], 18.2.1 ZeroMean\[Bullet], 27.1.1 ZeroShape\[Bullet], 5.4.6 Zeta, 12.4.3 ZTransform, 17.4.4, 25.1.3 $ $ symbols, 14.1.5 $Assumptions, 12.2.1 $BaseDirectory, 4.1.3 $Context, 14.3.1 $ContextPath, 14.3.1 $DisplayFunction, 5.2.1, 6.1.2, 8.1.1, 8.2.1, 14.1.5 $ExportFormats, 4.2.1, 4.2.2 $FormatType, 6.1.2, 6.3.1, 8.1.1, 8.2.1 $ImportFormats, 4.2.1, 4.2.2 $Line, 12.1.1 $MachineEpsilon, 11.2.3 $MachinePrecision, 11.2.2 $MaxExtraPrecision, 11.1.2 $MaxMachineNumber, 11.2.3 $MinMachineNumber, 11.2.3 $Path, 4.2.3 $PrePrint, 18.2.1 $RandomState, 26.1.1 $RecursionLimit, 14.1.3 $TextStyle, 6.1.2, 6.3.1, 8.1.1, 8.2.1 $TimeUnit, 4.4.1 $UserAddOnsDirectory, 3.1.3 $UserBaseDirectory, 3.1.3, 3.2.4, 4.1.2, 4.1.3 $Version, 1.4.3