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The characteristics of vertical monopole antennas are generally well defined. However, one factor that is not easily understood in the influence of the ground constants (the conductivity, sigma, and the relative dielectric constant, epsilon r on the input impedance of a vertical monopole. Considering that the input impedance of a monopole less than a quarter-wavelength in height may have a resistive part less than one ohm, the change in the antenna's input impedance caused by an imperfect ground can be significant.
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